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P. Beck-Peccoz Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Policlinico

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A. Lania Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Milan, Endocrine Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

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A. Beckers Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

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K. Chatterjee Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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J.-L. Wemeau CHRU, Hôpital Claude-Huriez, Clinique Endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, Lille, France

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Introduction The syndrome of ‘inappropriate secretion of TSH' was the term coined originally [ 1 ] to indicate two forms of central hyperthyroidism, i.e. thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) and resistance to thyroid

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Till Ittermann Institute for Community Medicine, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Roberto Lorbeer Institute for Community Medicine, Germany

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Daniel Tiller Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Germany

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Ina Lehmphul Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Alexander Kluttig Institute of Medical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Informatics, Germany

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Stephan B. Felix Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Karl Werdan Department of Medicine III, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany

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Karin Halina Greiser German Cancer Research Centre, Division of Cancer Epidemiology, Heidelberg, Germany

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Josef Köhrle Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Henry Völzke Institute for Community Medicine, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Marcus Dörr Department of Internal Medicine B - Cardiology, Intensive Care, Pulmonary Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medicine Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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.01.044 24530962 24 Ittermann T, Dörr M, Völzke H, Tost F, Lehmphul I, Köhrle J, Jürgens C: High serum thyrotropin levels are associated with retinal arteriolar narrowing in the general population. Thyroid 2014;24:1473-1478. 10.1089/thy.2014.0190 25156414

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Simon H.S. Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University and Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK;

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Mario Vaisman Department of Endocrinology, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil;

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Jean-Louis Wemeau Clinique Endocrinologique Marc Linquette, CHU, Lille, France

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.1300350 28 Sawin CT, Geller A, Wolf PA, Belanger AJ, Baker E, Bacharach P, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, D’Agostino RB: Low serum thyrotropin concentrations as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in older persons. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1249–1252. 10.1056/NEJM

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Rudolf Hoermann Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Luedenscheid, Luedenscheid, Germany

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John E.M. Midgley North Lakes Clinical, Ilkley, UK

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Rolf Larisch Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Luedenscheid, Luedenscheid, Germany

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Johannes W. Dietrich Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum
Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany

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stimulation by the pituitary hormone thyrotropin (TSH) will the levels rise adequately to satisfy the needs of the body. To prevent overstimulation, the system is regulated tightly via multiple negative feedback loops that monitor hormone concentrations and

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Ladan Mehran Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Atieh Amouzegar Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Hengameh Abdi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Negar Delbari Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Elham Madreseh Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Maryam Tohidi Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Ali Mansournia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Fereidoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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risk of developing subclinical hypothyroidism among participants with MetS in comparison with their counterparts without MetS [ 12 ]. There are also reports on higher thyrotropin (TSH) values in patients with MetS compared with non-MetS subjects [ 1

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Linda M. Thienpont Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gent University, Gent

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Katleen Van Uytfanghe Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gent University, Gent

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Sofie Van Houcke Laboratory for Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gent University, Gent

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Barnali Das Biochemistry and Immunology Laboratory, Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute, Mumbai, India

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James D. Faix Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif., Abbott Park, Ill., USA

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Finlay MacKenzie Birmingham Quality/UK NEQAS, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK

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Frank A. Quinn Medical and Scientific Affairs, Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill., USA

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Michael Rottmann Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany

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Annick Van den Bruel Department of Endocrinology, General Hospital Sint Jan, Bruges, Belgium

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total and free thyroid hormones and thyrotropin (TSH) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. The committee was established in light of the prevalence of thyroid disease, the frequency of laboratory testing, and multiple reports on discrepant measurement results. For total

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Christian Trummer Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Hannes Reiher Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Verena Theiler-Schwetz Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Marlene Pandis Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Christian Gstettner Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Peter Potzinger Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Tilman Keck Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Thomas R. Pieber Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Sigurd Lax Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz Sued-West, Graz, Austria
Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Institute for Clinical Pathology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria

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Johannes Haybaeck Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

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Vinzenz Stepan Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Stefan Pilz Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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What Is Known about This Topic? The differential diagnosis of secondary hyperthyroidism may lead to several challenges. Although very rare, ectopic thyrotropin-secreting neuroendocrine pituitary tumors (TSH-PitNETs) need to be

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Tanvir Rizvi Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va., USA

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Patrice K. Rehm Nuclear Medicine Division, Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va., USA

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Recombinant human thyrotropin-α (Thyrogen®; Genzyme Corp., Cambridge, Mass., USA) is increasingly being utilized in the management of differentiated thyroid cancer following thyroidectomy. It offers the advantage of avoidance of thyroid hormone withdrawal

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Simon H.S. Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University
Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Georg Brabant Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany

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Leonidas H. Duntas Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece

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Fabio Monzani Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Robin P. Peeters Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Salman Razvi Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University
Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Gateshead, UK

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Jean-Louis Wemeau Clinique Endocrinologique Marc Linquette, CHU, Lille, France

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through March 2013. For our Medline search, we entered in various combinations the terms thyrotropin (TSH), L -thyroxine, SCH, goitre, replacement therapy, CV risk, heart, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, obesity, mental health, quality of life, drugs. The

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Tanja Diana Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Hans-Peter Holthoff AdvanceCor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany

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Julia Fassbender AdvanceCor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany

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Christian Wüster Endocrine Laboratory and Practice Prof. Wüster, Mainz, Germany

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Michael Kanitz Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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George J. Kahaly Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Martin Ungerer AdvanceCor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany

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-stimulating Ab (TSAb) that activate the TSHR [ 2 - 7 ] or as antagonist, blocking (TBAb) the activity of the natural ligand thyrotropin (TSH) [ 8 , 9 ]. TSAb is a sensitive, specific, and reproducible biomarker for GD; it reliably predicts the response to

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