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several studies have investigated the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) subtypes in thyroid cancers. However, results are not consistent yet, likely because of the existence of confounding factors in the populations selected [ 15 , 16 ]. The purpose
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Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptor (ER) in thyroid tumor cells in adults ( 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ). In many studies, ERα positivity has been associated with larger primary tumor size, suggesting that estrogen may act as a growth factor in
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hormones induced human lung cancer cell proliferation via crosstalk between integrin αvβ3 and estrogen receptor alpha. In a study in mice, thyroxine enhanced the weight of Lewis’ carcinoma and angiogenesis, but this required the activation of integrin αvβ3
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National Maternity Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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of estrogen, receptors in the developing human placenta. Horm Metab Res 1997;29:604-610. 10.1055/s-2007-979109 9497895 33 Shanker YG, Rao AJ: Progesterone receptor expression in the human placenta. Mol Hum Reprod 1999;5:481-486. 10.1093/molehr
Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Rhône-Alpes Thyroid Cancer Registry, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (UMR INSERM 1052, CNRS 5286), RTH Laennec Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Lyon
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French National Registry of Childhood Solid Tumours, CHU, Nancy
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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explained by hormonal exposure, especially with regard to the role of estrogens and estrogen receptors in thyroid tumorigenesis, reprogramming, and progression [ 8 ]. Hence, some other risk factors may act differently according to the sex of the subjects
Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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probably due to the development and proliferation of estrogen receptors in the cancerogenesis process. The incidence rate of this disease reaches its maximum in the third and fourth decades of life [ 3 ]. The high heterogeneous nature of thyroid tumors in
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and share similarities in TH-responsive element structures [ 30 ]. It has been shown that molecular interactions between THRs and estrogen receptors are sufficient to mediate the environmental effect on estrogen-controlled reproductive behavior [ 30
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CEINGE – Biotecnologie Avanzate Scarl, Naples, Italy
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RGGTCA (R is a purine). Based on their mode of action, they can be subdivided into four different sub-categories: (i) Type I receptors, comprising the AR, the estrogen receptor (ER), and the progesterone receptor (PR), are anchored in the cytoplasm by