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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Bjarke Røssner Medici Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Christian Zinck Jensen Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Introduction

High compared with low educational level increases the odds of starting levothyroxine (L-T4) with a normal thyroid-stimulating hormone – the mechanism is most likely patient request. The use of liothyronine (L-T3) and desiccated thyroid extract (DTE) is also speculated to be initiated at patients’ request. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to evaluate if educational level influences treatment with L-T3 and DTE.

Material and methods

In this register-based cross-sectional study, we included all Danish citizens ≥30 years with redeemed prescription of L-T4, L-T3, or DTE during 2017–2020. We defined educational levels as short, medium, and long (<10 years, 10–12 years, and above 12 years, respectively). The association between educational level and treatment with LT3 or DTE vs only LT4 was analyzed in logistic regression models adjusted for age and sex.

Results

We included 154,360 individuals using thyroid medication of whom 3829 were treated with L-T3 (2.48%) and 430 with DTE (0.28%). The usage was highest among women (3.15%) and the age group 40–49 (5.6%). Longer education compared with short increased the odds of being treated with DTE or L-T3 (medium education odds ratio (OR) 1.61 (95% CI 1.50–1.8) and long education OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.79–2.13)). Test for trend: OR: 1.37 (95% CI 1.31–1.42). Adjustment for other covariates did not affect the results substantially.

Conclusion

Persons with a longer compared to a shorter education are more often treated with either DTE or L-T3, and the usage of these drugs is limited to less than 3% of thyroid hormone users.

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0149
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 6
Open access
Ladan Mehran Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Atieh Amouzegar Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Hengameh Abdi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Negar Delbari Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Elham Madreseh Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Maryam Tohidi Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Ali Mansournia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Fereidoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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individuals with and without MetS as well as evaluating the incidence of TD and trend of thyroid hormones according to the MetS group, during a 10 year follow-up in an iodine sufficient population. Materials and Methods Study Design TTS is a

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000512665
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 5
Free access
Cengiz Kara Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey

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Jamala Mammadova Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Altinbas University Medicalpark Bahçelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey

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Ümmet Abur Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Cagri Gumuskaptan Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Elif İzci Güllü Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Ayhan Dağdemir Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Graduate Studies, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Murat Aydın Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey

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Introduction Primary congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is the most common endocrine disorder in newborns, with an incidence ranging from 1/1000 to 1/3000 worldwide ( 1 ). The incidence of CH has doubled over the last two decades largely due to

Article Type:
Research Article
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Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0212
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 3
Open access
Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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incidence of primary CH in the Netherlands compared to other countries ( 11 ). The current three-step T4-reflex TSH-reflexTBG NBS program also led to an improved detection of central CH with an incidence of 1:16,404 that appeared much higher than reported in

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0041
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Open access
Paolo Cavarzere Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Laura Palma Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Lara Nicolussi Principe Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Monica Vincenzi Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy

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Silvana Lauriola Neonatal Intensive Cure Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Rossella Gaudino Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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Virginia Murri Pediatric Division, Hospital of San Bonifacio, Verona, Italy

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Luigi Lubrano Pediatric Division, Hospital of Legnago, Verona, Italy

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Giuliana Rossi Pediatric Division, Hospital of Mestre, Venezia, Italy

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Alessia Sallemi Pediatric Division, Hospital of Venezia, Venezia, Italy

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Ermanna Fattori Pediatric Division, Hospital of Negrar, Verona, Italy

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Marta Camilot Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for Newborn Screening, Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Metabolic and Endocrinological Diseases, Verona, Italy

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Franco Antoniazzi Pediatric Division, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Verona, Verona, Italy
Pediatric Section, Department Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Regional Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents Rare Skeletal Disorders, Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy

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fetus ( 3 , 4 ). The incidence of gestational hypothyroidism widely varies from 0.14 to 11.1% in different studies ( 5 , 6 , 7 ). During pregnancy, the most frequent cause of maternal hypothyroidism is autoimmunity, defined by the presence of maternal

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0060
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 5
Open access
Jorge Alberto Tapia-Martínez Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México
Laboratorio 6, Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Delegación Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, México

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Margarita Franco-Colín Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México

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Vanessa Blas-Valdivia Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México

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Edgar Cano-Europa Laboratorio de Metabolismo I, Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Colonia Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México, México

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development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular complications observed in the context of obesity ( 39 ). This could explain the increase in the incidence of T2D in developing countries like Mexico with a high poverty and marginalization

Article Type:
Research Article
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Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-21-0050
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 1
Open access
Kamilla R Riis Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Camilla B Larsen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Bjarke R Medici Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark

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Christian Z Jensen Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark

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Kristian H Winther Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Emil L Larsen Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christina Ellervik Department of Laboratory Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Data and Data Support, Region Zealand, Sorø, Denmark

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Jeppe L la Cour Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Thomas H Brix Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Henrik E Poulsen Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg Hospital, Denmark
Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Nordsjælland, Hillerød, Denmark

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Filip K Knop Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital – Herlev and Gentofte, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Steen J Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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1 Madariaga AG Santos Palacios S Guillén-Grima F & Galofré JC . The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a meta-analysis . Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2014 99 923 – 931 . ( https://doi.org/10

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0167
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 6
Open access
Irene Campi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Marco Dell’Acqua Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Elisa Stellaria Grassi Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Maria Cristina Vigone Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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largest prospective study in the UK found a 0.4% incidence of antibodies interfering with TSH assay, meaning ~50,000 tests every year in the whole country ( 18 ). However, the prevalence of spurious hyperthyrotropinemia is variable, depending on the assay

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0012
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 4
Open access
Arjun Rajendran Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Cochin, India

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Nisha Bhavani Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Cochin, India

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Vasantha Nair Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Cochin, India

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Praveen V. Pavithran Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Cochin, India

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V. Usha Menon Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Cochin, India

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Harish Kumar Department of Endocrinology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Cochin, India

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with severe hypothyroidism appeared to have died in coma. Since then, around 300 cases have been reported in the literature [ 1 ], with the reported incidence rate being around 0.22 per million per year [ 2 ]. The diagnosis of myxedema coma is usually

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000507855
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 1
Free access
Tal Almagor Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
Pediatric Department B, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Shoshana Rath Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Dan Nachtigal Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Zohara Sharroni Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Ghadir Elias-Assad Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Ora Hess Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Gilad Havazelet Clalit Health Services, North District, Israel

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Yoav Zehavi Pediatric Department B, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel

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Ronen Spiegel Pediatric Department B, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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Dani Bercovich Faculty of Medical Science, Tel Hai Academic College Upper Galilee, Tel Hai, Israel
GGA – Galil Genetic Analysis Laboratory Ltd., Kazerin, Israel

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Shlomo Almashanu The National Newborn Screening Program, Ministry of Health, Tel-HaShomer, Israel

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Yardena Tenenbaum-Rakover Pediatric Endocrine Institute, Ha’Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

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sensorineural) among CH patients compared to the normal population, with a particularly high incidence in patients with thyroid agenesis and severe disease at diagnosis (as assessed by delayed epiphyseal ossification) [ 14 ]. In other studies, HI was associated

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothyroidism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000509775
Volume/Issue:
Volume 10: Issue 3
Free access