Computational Metagenomics, CIBIO Department, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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, segmented filamentous bacteria. Before moving on it would be helpful to provide a few definitions and some general background on the microbiome [ 5 ]: (1) Microbiota: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi that inhabit a particular niche, e.g., the gut
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factors (e.g. viral infection), epigenetic/genetic predispositions, and microbiome of which dysfunction contributes to the loss of immune tolerance, activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, and inflammation, leading to the damage of thyrocytes and clinical
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(Krause et al., Germany), (c) the role of the microbiome in GO (Ludgate et al., UK), (d) oxidative mechanisms in GO (Marino, Marcocci et al., Italy), (e) a long-term animal model for Graves’ disease and associated GO (Ungerer et al., Germany), (f) new
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.1016/j.anl.2013.11.003 . 15 Langdon A , Crook N , Dantas G . The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation . Genome Med . 2016 Apr ; 8 ( 1 ): 39 . http
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& Ghafouri-Fard S . Dysregulation of non-coding RNAs in autoimmune thyroid disease . Experimental and Molecular Pathology 2020 117 104527 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104527 ) 32 Masetti G & Ludgate M . Microbiome and Graves
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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gain, depression and cardiovascular events ( 3 ). Typically, AIT starts from the loss of immune tolerance toward thyroid-specific self-antigens due to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, gut microbiome, and immunity. However, the risk factors