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Giulia Masetti Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Computational Metagenomics, CIBIO Department, University of Trento, Trento, Italy

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Marian Ludgate Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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, segmented filamentous bacteria. Before moving on it would be helpful to provide a few definitions and some general background on the microbiome [ 5 ]: (1) Microbiota: bacteria, viruses, protozoa, fungi that inhabit a particular niche, e.g., the gut

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Joanna Bogusławska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Marlena Godlewska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Ewa Gajda Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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factors (e.g. viral infection), epigenetic/genetic predispositions, and microbiome of which dysfunction contributes to the loss of immune tolerance, activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, and inflammation, leading to the damage of thyrocytes and clinical

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George J. Kahaly
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Claudio Marcocci
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(Krause et al., Germany), (c) the role of the microbiome in GO (Ludgate et al., UK), (d) oxidative mechanisms in GO (Marino, Marcocci et al., Italy), (e) a long-term animal model for Graves’ disease and associated GO (Ungerer et al., Germany), (f) new

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Hayri Bostan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Muhammed Erkam Sencar Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Murat Calapkulu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Sema Hepsen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Hakan Duger Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Ilknur Ozturk Unsal Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Mustafa Ozbek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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Erman Cakal Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey

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.1016/j.anl.2013.11.003 . 15 Langdon A , Crook N , Dantas G . The effects of antibiotics on the microbiome throughout development and alternative approaches for therapeutic modulation . Genome Med . 2016 Apr ; 8 ( 1 ): 39 . http

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Stefan Matei Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Julien Hospel Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Chantal Daumerie Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Maria-Cristina Burlacu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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& Ghafouri-Fard S . Dysregulation of non-coding RNAs in autoimmune thyroid disease . Experimental and Molecular Pathology 2020 117 104527 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104527 ) 32 Masetti G & Ludgate M . Microbiome and Graves

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Jinrong Fu Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Zihao Fan Department of Geriatrics, Guangdong Provincial Geriatrics Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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Liang He Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Qian Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Jilin Cancer Hospital, Changchun, Jilin, China

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He Liu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Haixia Guan Department of Endocrinology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China

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gain, depression and cardiovascular events ( 3 ). Typically, AIT starts from the loss of immune tolerance toward thyroid-specific self-antigens due to genetic predisposition, environmental factors, gut microbiome, and immunity. However, the risk factors

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