Liliana Ribeiro Santos
Liliana Ribeiro Santos
Internal Medicine Department, Hospital of Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
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Inês Vasconcelos Bessa
Inês Vasconcelos Bessa
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Adriana Gaspar da Rocha
Adriana Gaspar da Rocha
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Public Health Unit, ACES Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal
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Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Public Health Unit, ACES Baixo Mondego, Coimbra, Portugal
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Celestino Neves
Celestino Neves
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Cláudia Freitas
Cláudia Freitas
Department of Endocrinology, Hospital University Centre of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Paula Soares
Paula Soares
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Health Investigation and Innovation Institute (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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(ETA) recommends Se in patients with mild Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) ( 24 , 25 ). This recommendation is based on a 2011 European randomised, controlled trial ( 26 ), which evaluated the effect of 200 μg/day sodium selenite for 6 months in euthyroid
Luigi Bartalena
Luigi Bartalena
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Endocrine Unit, Ospedale di Circolo, Varese, Italy
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Lelio Baldeschi
Lelio Baldeschi
Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital Saint Luc, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Kostas Boboridis
Kostas Boboridis
Ophthalmology Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Anja Eckstein
Anja Eckstein
Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen
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George J. Kahaly
George J. Kahaly
Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Claudio Marcocci
Claudio Marcocci
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Petros Perros
Petros Perros
Department of Endocrinology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Mario Salvi
Mario Salvi
Graves' Orbitopathy Center, Endocrinology, Fondazione Ca' Granda IRCCS, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction In 2008, EUGOGO published a consensus statement on the management of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) simultaneously in the European Journal of Endocrinology and in Thyroid [ 1 , 2 ]. The statement was received very well [ 3 ] and has
Giulia Masetti
Giulia Masetti
Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
Computational Metagenomics, CIBIO Department, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Computational Metagenomics, CIBIO Department, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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Marian Ludgate
Marian Ludgate
Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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), causing hyperthyroidism. About half of GD patients also have Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), in which cross-reacting autoimmune responses to thyroid/orbit shared antigens (notably the TSHR) lead to expansion of the orbital contents. The overproduction of
Alan Chun Hong Lee
Alan Chun Hong Lee
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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George J. Kahaly
George J. Kahaly
Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
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Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) accounts for 75% of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete geographical areas. Approximately one-fifth of GD patients develop Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), which is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of GD
C. Daumerie
C. Daumerie
Departments of Endocrinology, Université catholique de Louvain, University Hospital St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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A. Boschi
A. Boschi
Departments of Ophthalmology, Université catholique de Louvain, University Hospital St-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
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P. Perros
P. Perros
Department of Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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What Is Known So Far on This Topic? • Hypothyroidism is thought to have a detrimental effect on Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), though it is unclear whether this is mediated by TSH or the hypothyroid state. • A possible association between
Luigi Bartalena
Luigi Bartalena
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Introduction Management of Graves' orbitopathy (GO), the most important extrathyroidal expression of Graves' disease, remains a major challenge and dilemma [ 1 ]. Available therapies are largely imperfect, and a large proportion of patients
Elena Sabini
Elena Sabini
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Ilaria Ionni
Ilaria Ionni
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Roberto Rocchi
Roberto Rocchi
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Paolo Vitti
Paolo Vitti
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Claudio Marcocci
Claudio Marcocci
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Michele Marinò
Michele Marinò
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Units, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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What Is Known about This Topic? Graves’ orbitopathy is believed to be the consequence of autoimmunity against antigens present both in the thyroid and in orbital tissues. Massive release of thyroid antigens causes the appearance or
Giulia Lanzolla
Giulia Lanzolla
Endocrinology Unit II, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Claudio Marcocci
Claudio Marcocci
Endocrinology Unit II, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Michele Marinò
Michele Marinò
Endocrinology Unit II, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Introduction Graves disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disease, with a prevalence of ∼1% [ 1 ]. Although GD affects primarily the thyroid, extrathyroidal manifestations, i.e., Graves orbitopathy (GO), pretibial myxoedema, and acropachy [ 2
Elena Sabini
Elena Sabini
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Marenza Leo
Marenza Leo
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Barbara Mazzi
Barbara Mazzi
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Roberto Rocchi
Roberto Rocchi
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Francesco Latrofa
Francesco Latrofa
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Marco Nardi
Marco Nardi
Ophthalmopathy Unit I, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Paolo Vitti
Paolo Vitti
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Claudio Marcocci
Claudio Marcocci
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Michele Marinò
Michele Marinò
Endocrinology Units, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Introduction Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is a disfiguring and disabling disease that profoundly impairs the quality of life of affected patients [ 1 - 4 ]. The natural history of GO is characterized by an initial phase in which signs and symptoms
Luigi Bartalena
Luigi Bartalena
Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Wilmar M. Wiersinga
Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Introduction Ever since the report of Lord Brain in 1955, glucocorticoids have been the mainstay in the medical treatment of Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) [ 1 ]. Intravenous glucocorticoid (IVGC) therapy is much more efficacious than placebo [ 2
