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Emilie Brûlé Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Ying Wang Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Evan R S Buddle Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Luisina Ongaro Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Mary Loka Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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and/or pituitary gland. TSH deficiency can occur in isolation or in the context of combined pituitary hormone deficiency ( 1 , 2 ). Isolated CCH has thus far been associated with mutations in five genes in humans: TSHB , TRHR , IGSF1 , TBL1X , and

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Sara Monteiro-Martins Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Rosalie B T M Sterenborg Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Oleg Borisov Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Nora Scherer Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Yurong Cheng Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

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Marco Medici Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Anna Köttgen Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Alexander Teumer Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

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Introduction Thyroid hormones (TH) affect cellular metabolism and thereby have vital functions for growth and metabolic homeostasis ( 1 ). Thyroid function is governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis, where the thyrotropin

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Joke Marlier Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium

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Guy T’Sjoen Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Jean Kaufman Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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Bruno Lapauw Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
Department of Internal Medicine & Pediatrics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

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). CHT is a rare condition, accounting for about 1 in 1000 hypothyroid patients, and is typically observed in patients with hypothalamic (tertiary hypothyroidism) or pituitary (secondary hypothyroidism) pathology ( 1 , 2 ). It can be isolated, which is

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Julia Müller Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany

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Heike Heuer Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany

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putative transmembrane domains and both, the N- and the C-terminal domains, are located intracellularly [ 20 , 21 ]. In humans, MCT8 mRNA was found to be highly expressed in liver, kidney, heart, placenta, lung, thyroid as well as in brain and pituitary

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P. Beck-Peccoz Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Endocinology and Diabetology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Policlinico

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A. Lania Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, University of Milan, Endocrine Unit, Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS, Rozzano, Milan, Italy

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A. Beckers Service d'Endocrinologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Liège, Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium

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K. Chatterjee Institute of Metabolic Science, Metabolic Research Laboratories, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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J.-L. Wemeau CHRU, Hôpital Claude-Huriez, Clinique Endocrinologique Marc-Linquette, Lille, France

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Introduction The syndrome of ‘inappropriate secretion of TSH' was the term coined originally [ 1 ] to indicate two forms of central hyperthyroidism, i.e. thyrotropin (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenomas (TSHomas) and resistance to thyroid

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Christian Trummer Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Hannes Reiher Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Verena Theiler-Schwetz Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Marlene Pandis Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Christian Gstettner Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Radiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Peter Potzinger Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Tilman Keck Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Thomas R. Pieber Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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Sigurd Lax Department of Pathology, General Hospital Graz Sued-West, Graz, Austria
Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Institute for Clinical Pathology, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria

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Johannes Haybaeck Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
Department of Pathology, Neuropathology and Molecular Pathology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria

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Vinzenz Stepan Department of Internal Medicine, Krankenhaus der Elisabethinen, Graz, Austria

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Stefan Pilz Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria

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What Is Known about This Topic? The differential diagnosis of secondary hyperthyroidism may lead to several challenges. Although very rare, ectopic thyrotropin-secreting neuroendocrine pituitary tumors (TSH-PitNETs) need to be

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Mahdi Kamoun Endocrinology and Metabolism Department

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Michèle d'Herbomez Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille

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Christine Lemaire Department of Endocrinology, Regional Hospital of Béthune, Béthune

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Armelle Fayard Endocrinology and Metabolism Department

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Rachel Desailloud Endocrinology and Metabolism Department, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France

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Damien Huglo Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille

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Jean-Louis Wemeau Endocrinology and Metabolism Department

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Introduction Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-secreting pituitary adenoma (TSHoma) is a rare tumor and represents less than 2% of all pituitary tumors [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. The coexistence of autoimmune thyroid disease and TSHoma

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Giulia Brigante Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Giorgia Spaggiari Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Daniele Santi Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Katia Cioni Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Valentina Gnarini Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Chiara Diazzi Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Elisa Pignatti Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Center of Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

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Livio Casarini Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Center of Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

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Marco Marino Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Center of Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia

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Frank Tüttelmann Institute of Human Genetics, University of Munster, Munster, Germany

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Cesare Carani Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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Manuela Simoni Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences
Center of Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia
Azienda USL, Modena, Italy

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predetermined ‘thyroid function set-point' has been hypothesized so that the individual genetic background influences the regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis [ 15 ]. Because of the absence of residual thyroid function, thyroidectomized

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Marko Stojanović Neuroendocrine Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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Sandra Pekić Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Neuroendocrine Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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Mirjana Doknić Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Neuroendocrine Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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Dragana Miljić Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Neuroendocrine Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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Slavica Ćirić Neuroendocrine Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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Aleksandar Diklić Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Endocrine Surgery Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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Svetislav Tatić Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Miloje Joksimović Clinic for Neurosurgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Emilija Manojlović-Gačić Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Milica Skender-Gazibara Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia

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Vera Popović Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade
Neuroendocrine Department, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia
Clinic for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia

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What Is Known about This Topic? • Sellar masses most commonly represent pituitary adenoma, and only rarely metastatic tumors, usually originating from breast or lung carcinoma. Accelerated growth of a sellar mass, rapid onset of diabetes

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Bharath Bachimanchi Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Suresh Vaikkakara Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Alok Sachan Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Ganji Praveen Kumar Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Ashok Venkatanarasu Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Palaparti Sai Krishna Chaitanya Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Bekkem Sreedivya Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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Ravi Poojari Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupati, India

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) has a permissive effect on reproduction. Hypothyroidism has been shown to have a suppressive effect on the function of the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis in both men [ 2 - 7 ] and women [ 8 ]. However, while there are a number of studies on

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