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Furio Pacini Section of Endocrinology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

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Dagmar Fuhrer Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, West German Cancer Centre (WTZ), University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Rossella Elisei Section of Endocrinology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Daria Handkiewicz-Junak Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Maria Skłodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Sophie Leboulleux Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, Cedex, France

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Markus Luster Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Marburg, Marburg, Germany

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Martin Schlumberger Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus and University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, Cedex, France

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Johannes W Smit Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands

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-off (e.g. >2 ng/mL) should lead to selection for RAI. Whenever risk factors and patients’ selection for total thyroidectomy and radioiodine are evaluated, wide differences between countries as environmental factors, preclinical care and healthcare

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Ian D Hay Department of Medicine 1, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Suneetha Kaggal Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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Geoffrey B Thompson Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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are convinced that at our institution, radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA), when administered after potentially curative bilateral thyroidectomy (BT) to low-risk (MACIS scores <6) adult PTC (APTC) patients, has not reduced ( 7 ) either cause

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Carla Gambale Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Alessandro Prete Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Lea Contartese Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Liborio Torregrossa Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Anatomic Pathology Section, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesca Bianchi Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Eleonora Molinaro Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Gabriele Materazzi Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, Unit of Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Rossella Elisei Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Antonio Matrone Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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-Tg) ≥10 ng/mL or rising thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) levels with negative imaging; InR were defined by LT4-Tg <1 ng/mL or rhTSH-Tg <10 ng/mL or stable/declining TgAb levels with non-specific findings on imaging or faint radioiodine uptake in thyroid bed

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Ola Lindgren Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Pernilla Asp Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Anna Sundlöv Department of Oncology, Lund University, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Jan Tennvall Department of Oncology, Lund University, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Bushra Shahida Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, and Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Tereza Planck Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Peter Åsman Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, and Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Mikael Lantz Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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increases the risk of GD approximately twofold and GO approximately threefold [ 6 ]. Independently of smoking, it has also been shown that higher TRAb increase the risk of GO both at and after diagnosis of GD [ 7 , 8 ]. Treatment of GD with radioiodine is

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Rosa M. García-Moreno Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Cristina Escabias Nuclear Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Cristina Utrilla Radiology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Elena Ruiz-Bravo Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Margarita Sánchez Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Beatriz Lecumberri Endocrinology and Nutrition Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain

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Established Facts Orbital radioiodine uptake is highly uncommon, and some conditions associated with this finding are metastases as well as false-positive results due to contamination, inflammation, etc. Cystic structures located in

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Ana Piñar-Gutiérrez UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España

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Ana R Romero-Lluch UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España

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Suset Dueñas-Disotuar UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España

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Irene de Lara-Rodríguez UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España

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María Ángeles Gálvez-Moreno Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía, Córdoba, España

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Tomás Martín-Hernández Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Virgen Macarena, Sevilla, España

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Jorge García-Alemán Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga, España

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Guillermo Martínez-de Pinillos Servicio de Endocrinología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de Valme, Sevilla, España

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Elena Navarro-González UGC Endocrinología y Nutrición, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Sevilla, España

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tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, in up to 50% of cases, BMs have the absence of radioiodine uptake ( 11 ), and data on the effectiveness of TKIs are limited in this clinical entity ( 12 ). In parallel to these treatments, the role of

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Fahim U. Hassan Nuclear Medicine Department, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK

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Hosahalli K. Mohan Nuclear Medicine Department, Borough Wing, Guy's Hospital, London, UK

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, age, tumour size, histological subtypes, extrathyroidal spread, metastatic disease and iodine avidity [ 5 ]. Surgery, which includes total thyroidectomy and lymph node dissection followed by radioiodine ablation, remains the mainstay of treatment for

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E.N. Klein Hesselink Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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T.P. Links Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

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, standardized treatment has consisted of a total thyroidectomy accompanied by a central or lateral neck lymph node dissection if indicated, followed by radioiodine ( 131 I) ablation, and thyroid hormone suppression therapy (THST) during follow-up. Although

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Abdul Rehman Syed University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Aakash Gorana Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Erik Nohr Alberta Precision Laboratories, Molecular Pathology Program, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Xiaoli-Kat Yuan Precision Oncology Hub Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Parthiv Amin MASc Department of Radiology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary Alberta, Canada

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Sana Ghaznavi Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Debbie Lamb Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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John McIntyre Precision Oncology Hub Laboratory, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Markus Eszlinger Department of Oncology, Cumming School of Medicine, and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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Ralf Paschke Departments of Medicine, Section of Endocrinology, Oncology, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

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treatment ( 1 ). Two-thirds of metastatic DTCs lose their ability to uptake radioiodine (RAI) due to oncogene driver mutations silencing thyroid iodide-metabolizing genes, causing them to be RAI-resistant or refractory ( 1 , 2 , 3 ). Patients with RAI

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Nicholas S. Andresen Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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John M. Buatti Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Hamed H. Tewfik Iowa City Cancer Treatment Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Nitin A. Pagedar Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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Carryn M. Anderson Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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John M. Watkins Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

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with postoperative radioiodine therapy (RAI) to ablate residual thyroid tissue and, in intermediate- to high-risk cases, to postoperatively (adjuvantly) treat occult foci of cancer in the surgical bed and elsewhere (for the purposes of this review, we

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