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, C , D , E , F , G , H and I ), being consistent with histopathological characteristics of subacute thyroiditis. Spike protein positivity was also found in epithelioid cells within the granuloma fulfilling destroyed follicles ( Fig. 1F ). In
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
North Lisbon University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal
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University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal
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Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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) are two proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein processing in the host cell, ensuring an efficient infection. The coronavirus is constituted by four main structural proteins: nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) ( 17
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy
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samples were centralized at the coordinating center for SARS-CoV-2 IgG measurements. Both IgG against the spike protein (anti-S IgG) and against nucleocapsid (anti-N IgG) were tested. Anti-N IgG increases only after natural infection since the nucleocapsid