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Hrvoje Jakovac Department of Physiology, Immunology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

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Antun Ferenčić Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

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Christophe Stemberger Department of Pathology, Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

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Bojana Mohar Vitezić Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

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Dražen Cuculić Department of Forensic Medicine and Criminalistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

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, C , D , E , F , G , H and I ), being consistent with histopathological characteristics of subacute thyroiditis. Spike protein positivity was also found in epithelioid cells within the granuloma fulfilling destroyed follicles ( Fig. 1F ). In

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Sofia Macedo Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Ana Pestana Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Liliana Santos Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
North Lisbon University Hospital Center, Lisbon, Portugal

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Celestino Neves Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Susana Guimarães Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Amaro Duarte-Neto Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Marisa Dolhnikoff Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Paulo Saldiva Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

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Georgina Alves Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Rute Oliveira Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Didier Cabanes Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Fátima Carneiro Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Manuel Sobrinho-Simões Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
University Hospital Center of São João, Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Institute for Research & Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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) are two proteases involved in SARS-CoV-2 spike protein processing in the host cell, ensuring an efficient infection. The coronavirus is constituted by four main structural proteins: nucleocapsid (N), membrane (M), envelope (E), and spike (S) ( 17

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Sara De Vincentis Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy

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Simona Loiacono Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Eleonora Zanni Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Roberta Sueri Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Maria Laura Monzani Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy

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Daniele Santi Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy

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Ilaria Muller Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Department of Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Francesco Di Marco School of Specialisation in Endocrinology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Erica Crivicich School of Specialisation in Endocrinology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Mirco Armenti School of Specialisation in Endocrinology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Uberto Pagotto Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy

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Lorenzo Tucci Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy

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Carolina Cecchetti Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - Bologna University, Bologna, Italy
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Care and Prevention Unit, IRCCS Sant’Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic, Bologna, Italy

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Tommaso Trenti Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, Modena, Italy

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Valentina Pecoraro Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, Modena, Italy

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Giulia Canu Department of Laboratory Medicine and Anatomy Pathology, Azienda USL Modena, Modena, Italy

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Manuela Simoni Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy

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Giulia Brigante Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, Modena, Italy

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samples were centralized at the coordinating center for SARS-CoV-2 IgG measurements. Both IgG against the spike protein (anti-S IgG) and against nucleocapsid (anti-N IgG) were tested. Anti-N IgG increases only after natural infection since the nucleocapsid

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