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of the bile duct [ 10 ]. Biliary diseases in humans can be associated with altered claudin-1 expression or mutations. For instance, in the neonatal ichthyosis-sclerosing cholangitis syndrome, claudin-1 gene mutations may lead to increased paracellular
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Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Milan, Italy
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Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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role in inducing their proliferation in response to cholestasis [ 19 ], drugs inhibiting VEGF-R are predicted to cause biliary diseases. The antiangiogenic activity of TKIs at the epithelium and muscularis layers of the gallbladder may also contribute
Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Endocrinology Service, Department of Medicine, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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cancer, biliary tract cancer, liver disease, gall bladder disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or any other malignant/benign disease in the digestive tract. Most patients underwent surgical treatment with total or partial thyroidectomy and were
Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Department of Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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are contraindicated. Case Report A 32-year-old with no clinical risk factors or evidence of pre-existing liver disease was diagnosed with Graves’ disease at week 4 in pregnancy. Her thyroid function tests revealed thyroid-stimulating hormone
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the locally recurrent disease and metastatic and progressive lung involvement without iodine uptake. Therapy was initiated with 200 mg of oral sorafenib every 8 h. Three days after starting the medication, the patient consulted the emergency
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change in management recommendations, whereby persistent subclinical hyperthyroidism should now be treated in all patients above 65 years of age and treatment should also be considered in younger patients with known heart disease or risk for osteoporosis
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Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Medicine, College of Medicine and King Saud Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, novel approaches to managing hypothyroidism are urgently needed. Metabolomics is a well-known and widely utilized approach to understanding perturbation in an organ system under stress. This approach can provide novel