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Takaaki Konishi Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Michimasa Fujiogi Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

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Nobuaki Michihata Department of Health Services Research, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Takayoshi Niwa Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Kojiro Morita Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
Department of Health Services, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

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Hiroki Matsui Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Kiyohide Fushimi Department of Health Policy and Informatics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan

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Masahiko Tanabe Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Yasuyuki Seto Department of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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Hideo Yasunaga Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Health Economics, School of Public Health, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

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risk factors for RLN paralysis ( 9 , 10 ), intraoperative device use, such as nerve monitoring and energy devices, can be associated with a low occurrence of RLN paralysis ( 4 , 11 ). Whereas body mass index (BMI) is associated with short

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Simone De Leo Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Carla Colombo Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Marta Di Stefano Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Antonella Dubini Division of Laboratory Medicine, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Silvia Cozzi Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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balance are regulated by 2 hormones, leptin and ghrelin [ 15 ]. Leptin is released into the circulation by the adipose tissue as a function of the energy stores. Consistently, leptin levels are correlated with body mass index (BMI), being higher in

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Eyun Song Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jonghwa Ahn Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Hye-Seon Oh Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Min Ji Jeon Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Gu Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Bae Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Kee Shong Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Tae Yong Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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and body mass index (BMI). Materials and Methods Study Design and Population In the study, data was obtained from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI, a nationwide, cross-sectional survey conducted by the

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Juan J. Lence-Anta Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Constance Xhaard Radiation Epidemiology Group, 1018 INSERM Unit, Havana, Cuba
Institut Gustave Roussy, Havana, Cuba
University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France

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Rosa M. Ortiz Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Haoiinda Kassim Radiation Epidemiology Group, 1018 INSERM Unit, Havana, Cuba
Institut Gustave Roussy, Havana, Cuba
University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France

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Celia M. Pereda Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Silvia Turcios National Institute of Endocrinology, Havana, Cuba

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Milagros Velasco Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Mae Chappe Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Idalmis Infante Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Marlene Bustillo Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Anabel García Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Enora Clero Radiation Epidemiology Group, 1018 INSERM Unit, Havana, Cuba
Institut Gustave Roussy, Havana, Cuba
University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France

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Stephane Maillard Radiation Epidemiology Group, 1018 INSERM Unit, Havana, Cuba
Institut Gustave Roussy, Havana, Cuba
University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France

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Sirced Salazar Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Havana, Cuba

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Regla Rodriguez Cuban Health Public Ministry, Havana, Cuba

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Florent de Vathaire Radiation Epidemiology Group, 1018 INSERM Unit, Havana, Cuba
Institut Gustave Roussy, Havana, Cuba
University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France

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(both parents of African origin) and Other (all other combinations of parental origin). Body mass index (BMI) was defined as weight (kg) divided by height (m) squared and body surface area (BSA) was calculated using the Boyd formula: BSA (m 2 ) = 0

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Hyunju Park Department of Internal Medicine, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea

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Jung Heo Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea

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Hyun Jin Ryu Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Min-Ji Kim Statistics and Data Center, Samsung Medical Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine

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Young Lyun Oh Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Tae Hyuk Kim Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Sun Wook Kim Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Jae Hoon Chung Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Thyroid Center, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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( 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ). Recently, Rahman et al. demonstrated a positive association between body mass index (BMI) and B-type Raf kinase ( BRAFV600E ) mutation in both men and women based on a large population-based study in Australia ( 12 ). de

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Mario Rotondi Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., ISPESL Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors and Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Pavia

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Maria Grazia Castagna Departments of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Siena

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Carlo Cappelli Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy

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Cristina Ciuoli Departments of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Siena

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Francesca Coperchini Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., ISPESL Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors and Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Pavia

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Francesco Chiofalo Departments of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Siena

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Fabio Maino Departments of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Siena

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Paola Palmitesta Departments of Social, Political and Cognitive Sciences, University of Siena, Siena

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Luca Chiovato Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Fondazione Salvatore Maugeri I.R.C.C.S., ISPESL Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors and Chair of Endocrinology, University of Pavia, Pavia

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Furio Pacini Departments of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, Siena

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, the prevalence of obesity, defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30, increased from 15.3% in 1995 to 23.9% in 2005 [ 5 ]. Obesity has been suggested as a predisposing factor in several human cancers, including thyroid cancer [ 6 ]. Thus, one could

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Kamilla R Riis Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steen J Bonnema Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Anja F Dreyer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Dorte Glintborg Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Niels Bilenberg Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Mental Health Services in the Region of Southern Denmark, University of Southern Denmark Odense, Odense, Denmark

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Dorthe Bleses TrygFonden’s Centre for Child Research and School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Fabio Trecca TrygFonden’s Centre for Child Research and School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Marianne S Andersen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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.0 1.04 0.09 0.88; 1.23 0.66 0.96 0.09 0.81; 1.14 0.67   Offspring age × TPOAb 1.02 0.02 0.98; 1.06 0.38 0.84 0.02 0.81; 0.87 <0.001 BMI, body mass index; TPOAb, thyroid peroxidase antibodies

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Eun Kyung Jang Department of Endocrinology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Cancer Center, Busan, Korea
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Won Gu Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Hyemi Kwon Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Yun Mi Choi Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Min Ji Jeon Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Tae Yong Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Young Kee Shong Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Won Bae Kim Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

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Eui Young Kim Department of Endocrinology, Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Cancer Center, Busan, Korea

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plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/l during an oral glucose tolerance test, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1c ) ≥6.5%. We defined type 1 diabetes based on age at diagnosis, body mass index (BMI), type of treatment, C-peptide level, and presence of autoimmunity such

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Marta Nascimento Soares Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Marta Borges-Canha Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Celestino Neves Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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João Sérgio Neves Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Department of Surgery and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine from the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Davide Carvalho Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de São João, Porto, Portugal
Institute for Research Innovation in Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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/L 0.001 (0.0–0.008) FT4, ng/dL 1.7 (1.1–2.3) FT3, pg/mL 5.7 (3.7–10.1) BMI, body mass index; FT3, free triiodothyronine; FT4, free thyroxine; TRAbs, anti-TSH receptor antibodies; TSH, thyroid-stimulating hormone

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Muhammed Erkam Sencar Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Davut Sakiz Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Murat Calapkulu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Sema Hepsen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Muhammed Kizilgul Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Ilknur Unsal Ozturk Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Bekir Ucan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Murat Bayram Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Busra Betul Cagir Department of Internal Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Safak Akin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Mustafa Ozbek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Erman Cakal Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Health Sciences, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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included 46 patients receiving DM treatment between 2016 and 2017 at our institution. All those included in the study were patients aged 18–65 years, with a body mass index (BMI) >35, who were receiving 2 oral antidiabetic treatment agents because of the

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