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Colin M. Dayan Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK

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Vijay Panicker Department of Endocrinology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, W.A., Australia

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Introduction An association between hypothyroidism and depression has been accepted and taught in medicine for many years, although the nature of this relationship and what determines it have not been convincingly proven. Observations on which

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Kira Bang Bové Department of Endocrinology, Odense, Denmark

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Odense, Denmark

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Asmus Vogel Memory Disorders Research Group, Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Odense, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jakob Bue Bjoerner Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Odense, Denmark
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Odense, Denmark

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Mogens Groenvold Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Odense, Denmark
Department of Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Odense, Denmark

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Anxiety and depression are common mental disorders affecting the general population [ 1 ]. They are often found in patients with chronic somatic diseases, among these thyroid dysfunction [ 2 ]. Hypothyroidism has been linked to

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Birgitta Johansson Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Neurology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Mats Holmberg ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Norra Stationsgatan 69, Stockholm, Sweden
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden

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Simon Skau Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Department of Pedagogical, Curricular and Professional Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Helge Malmgren Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

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Helena Filipsson Nyström Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden

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majority will report no residual problems. However, some will still struggle with a reduced quality of life (QoL), fatigue, depression, anxiety, and cognitive complaints and will experience problems with returning to work ( 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7

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Jesper Karmisholt Department of Medical Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stig Andersen Department of Geriatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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distributed for completion at the participants’ home and subsequently returned by postal delivery. The questionnaires used were: Danish version 1 of the SF-36 [ 13 ], a Danish version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [ 14 ], and the

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Jan Calissendorff Department of Clinical Science and Education, Section of Endocrinology, Karolinska Institutet, Södersjukhuset, Sweden

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Emil Mikulski Department of Medicine, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
Centre for Clinical Research in Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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Erik H. Larsen National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark

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Marika Möller Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Centre for Clinical Research in Sörmland, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

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depression and anxiety scores, self-rated symptoms, thyroid hormones and antibody levels in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed GD, following 9 months of pharmacological treatment with a randomized supplementation with 200 µg/day Se as selenized yeast

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Mats Holmberg ANOVA, Karolinska University Hospital, Norra Stationsgatan 69, Stockholm, Sweden
Institute of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden

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Helge Malmgren Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Peter F Berglund Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Birgitta Johansson Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden

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Helena Filipsson Nyström Wallenberg’s Centre of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Region Västra Götaland, Sweden
Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
Gothenburg Centre for Person Centred-Care (GPCC), Göteborg, Sweden

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in hyperthyroid GD patients has also been observed ( 18 , 23 ), but its recovery in euthyroidism was not associated with alleviated symptomatology ( 18 ). A few studies in GD subjects have found associations between depression, anxiety, and

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Wilmar M. Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Leonidas Duntas Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Valentin Fadeyev Federal Endocrinological Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Mark P.J. Vanderpump Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, London, UK

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and GHQ [ 12 ]. Similar correlations were seen with TSQ, but not with Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores. Another community-based study from The Netherlands investigated 141 patients who had been on L-T4 replacement for primary

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet
Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jakob Bue Bjorner Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen
National Research Centre for the Working Environment, Copenhagen

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Mogens Groenvold Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen
Department of Palliative Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Åse Krogh Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet

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Ulla Feldt-Rasmussen Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet

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depression (according to the Edinburg Depression Scale) in individuals with positive TPOAb in a large population-based study and the presence of TPOAb during pregnancy has been identified as a risk factor for postpartum depression [ 28 ]. A direct relation

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Anna Göbel Departments of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Marcus Heldmann Departments of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Martin Göttlich Departments of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Anna-Luise Dirk Departments of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Georg Brabant Departments of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Thomas F. Münte Departments of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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no clinical effects, and has been used as a comedication in depression in psychiatry in recent years [ 19 ]. Materials and Methods Subjects The Ethics Committee of the University of Lübeck approved all procedures prior to the experiment

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Bjarke Røssner Medici Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Christian Zinck Jensen Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Danish doctors. Further, we wanted to address influences from age, sex, income, region of residence, depression, and prior treatment with thyroid surgery or radioiodine. Methods Study population Registries at Statistics Denmark contain

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