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), causing hyperthyroidism. About half of GD patients also have Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), in which cross-reacting autoimmune responses to thyroid/orbit shared antigens (notably the TSHR) lead to expansion of the orbital contents. The overproduction of

Introduction Graves disease (GD) is a common autoimmune disease, with a prevalence of ∼1% [ 1 ]. Although GD affects primarily the thyroid, extrathyroidal manifestations, i.e., Graves orbitopathy (GO), pretibial myxoedema, and acropachy [ 2

What Is Known about This Topic? Graves’ orbitopathy is believed to be the consequence of autoimmunity against antigens present both in the thyroid and in orbital tissues. Massive release of thyroid antigens causes the appearance or

Introduction Graves’ disease (GD) accounts for 75% of hyperthyroidism in iodine-replete geographical areas. Approximately one-fifth of GD patients develop Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), which is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of GD

Introduction Management of Graves' orbitopathy (GO), the most important extrathyroidal expression of Graves' disease, remains a major challenge and dilemma [ 1 ]. Available therapies are largely imperfect, and a large proportion of patients

What Is Known So Far on This Topic? • Hypothyroidism is thought to have a detrimental effect on Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), though it is unclear whether this is mediated by TSH or the hypothyroid state. • A possible association between

Introduction In 2008, EUGOGO published a consensus statement on the management of Graves' orbitopathy (GO) simultaneously in the European Journal of Endocrinology and in Thyroid [ 1 , 2 ]. The statement was received very well [ 3 ] and has

Introduction Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is a disfiguring and disabling disease that profoundly impairs the quality of life of affected patients [ 1 - 4 ]. The natural history of GO is characterized by an initial phase in which signs and symptoms

Introduction Graves’ disease (GD), especially when accompanied by Graves’ orbitopathy (GO), remains a conundrum both as for etiology and for treatment [ 1 ]. Genetic susceptibility in an elaborate and only partially understood interaction with

Introduction Graves' orbitopathy (GO) is a devastating and disfiguring disease affecting appearance and functioning of the eyes and thus profoundly impairing the quality of life of affected individuals [ 1 ]. GO is an autoimmune disorder, but