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Alies A. van Mullem Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Theo J. Visser Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin P. Peeters Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Introduction Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal development and metabolic activity of most tissues. This is illustrated by the severe consequences of congenital hypothyroidism, leading to growth failure and mental retardation when

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Syed Mohd. Razi Department of Endocrinology, L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut

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Abhinav Kumar Gupta Department of Endocrinology, L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut

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Deepak Chand Gupta Department of Endocrinology, L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut

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Manish Gutch Department of Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow

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Keshav Kumar Gupta Department of Endocrinology, L.L.R.M. Medical College, Meerut

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Syeda Iqra Usman Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India

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, sexual abuse, foreign body, or genital tract infection. Paradoxical to the other causes of sexual precocity, the patient also suffered from growth retardation for the same duration, which was associated with lethargy, dry skin, and constipation. On

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Graham R. Williams Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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have growth retardation and delayed bone age that respond to treatment with T3 [ 46 ], further demonstrating the requirement for thyroid hormones during growth and skeletal development. The recent studies in individuals with THRA mutations are

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy

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Patrice Rodien Service d’Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre de référence des maladies rares de la Thyroïde et des récepteurs hormonaux, CHU d’Angers, Angers, France.

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Carla Moran Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Endocrine Section, Beacon Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Ireland
Endocrinology Department, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

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W Edward Visser Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Stefan Groeneweg Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Robin Peeters Department of Internal Medicine and Rotterdam Thyroid Center, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

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Samuel Refetoff Departments of Medicine and Paediatrics and Committee on Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Mark Gurnell Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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Paolo Beck-Peccoz Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Italy

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Krishna Chatterjee Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

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allele. Reduced expression or function of selenoproteins in patient-derived cells is also informative ( Recommendation: S, Quality of evidence: ØØOO). Management We recommend monitoring for growth retardation and delayed development in

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R. Paschke Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany

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M. Niedziela Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Rheumatology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland

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B. Vaidya Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK

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L. Persani Department of Clinical Sciences, and Community Health, University of Milan, and Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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B. Rapoport Autoimmune Disease Unit, Cedars-Sinai Research Institute and School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA

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J. Leclere Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nancy, Nancy, France

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hormone secretion and growth of thyrocytes. Constitutive activation of the cAMP pathway results in alterations of both function and proliferation of the thyroid cells. Further germline TSHR mutations associated with FNAH also show increased basal cAMP

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Antonio C. Bianco Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla., USA

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Sabina Casula Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla., USA

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not been reported in any of the deiodinase genes. However, there is a report of two families in which 3 affected individuals exhibited transient growth retardation as a result of defective deiodinase expression due to a broad deficiency in

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Dagmar Führer Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Klaudia Brix Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany

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Heike Biebermann Institut für Experimentelle Pädiatrische Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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age. For example, congenital hypothyroidism, if left untreated, may lead to severe and irreversible mental retardation. In addition, hypothyroidism can result in impairment of growth and maturation of the skeletal system, while hyperthyroidism leads to

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Nitash Zwaveling-Soonawala Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Annemieke C Heijboer Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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central CH, low serum TH concentrations are accompanied by an inappropriately normal, low or slightly elevated TSH concentration. TH is indispensable for normal metabolism throughout life, for physical growth during childhood, and for brain development

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Yi Pan Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga

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Kathleen L. Caldwell Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga

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Yan Li Joint Program in Survey Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park, Md., USA

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Samuel P. Caudill Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga

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Mary E. Mortensen Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga

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Amir Makhmudov Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga

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Robert L. Jones Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Ga

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widespread causes of human suffering and of physical and mental degeneracy with which society has had and still has to deal with' [ 5 , 6 ]. Besides hypothyroidism and goiter, iodine deficiency has been linked to mental retardation and neurodevelopmental

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Kris Poppe Endocrine Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital UZ Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium

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Alicja Hubalewska-Dydejczyk Department of Endocrinology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland

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Peter Laurberg Department of Endocrinology and Medicine, Aalborg Hospital, Aarhus University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Lecce

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Francesco Vermiglio Cattedra di Endocrinologia, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy

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Bijay Vaidya Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, UK

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;71:276–287. 10.1210/jcem-71-2-276 2116437 21 Redmond GP: Propranolol and fetal growth retardation. Semin Perinatol 1982;6:142–147. 22 Azizi F, Bahrainian M, Khamseh ME, Khoshniatl M: Intellectual development and thyroid function in children who

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