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[ 5 ], lithium [ 6 ], bexarotene [ 7 ], immune checkpoint inhibitors [ 8 ], and thyrosine kinases inhibitors [ 9 , 10 ]. The present guidelines will focus on thyroid autoimmunity (TA) induced by immune reconstitution therapy (IRT), characterized by a
Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy
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relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). It causes panlymphopenia followed by lymphocyte repopulation, thus classified as an immune reconstitution therapy (IRT) ( 1 , 2 ). After ALTZ, 34–41% of patients with MS develop thyroid autoimmunity, in 63–65% of
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in an AIDS patient can be attributed to a number of processes including Graves' disease in the setting of the immune reconstitution syndrome, various antiretroviral drugs and complicating infections, such as cytomegalovirus. The absence of tracer
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non-lactating women. 1, ∅∅○○ 43 MMI is recommended during lactation, given the concerns about PTU-mediated hepatotoxicity. 1, ∅∅○○ The Elderly, Children and Adolescents, and Immune Reconstitution Elderly Although the incidence of GD
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Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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suppressing immunity against self-antigens, as they showed that thyroiditis could be prevented by reconstitution of the T-cell repertoire by injecting the animals with lymphoid cells from normal syngeneic rats [ 26 ]. In support of these conclusions, Smith et
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as possible to the original patient’s sample, we reconstituted the samples after purification to their original volume. The purification of serum samples did not change the heterogeneous mixture of stimulatory and blocking TSHR antibodies since all
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Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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contain testosterone receptor binding sites and are related to tumor suppressor and immune-regulatory activity. To further evaluate the influence of testosterone, testosterone was replaced in a group of castrated mice, and the reconstitution of
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Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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disease . American Journal of Medicine 2010 123 183.e1 – 183.e9 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030 ) 19 Sinha A Abinun M Gennery AR Barge D Slatter M Cheetham T . Graves’ immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in