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Ilaria Muller Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Carla Moran Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Beatriz Lecumberri Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, La Paz University Hospital, IdiPAZ, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain

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Brigitte Decallonne Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Neil Robertson Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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Joanne Jones Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Colin M. Dayan Thyroid Research Group, Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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[ 5 ], lithium [ 6 ], bexarotene [ 7 ], immune checkpoint inhibitors [ 8 ], and thyrosine kinases inhibitors [ 9 , 10 ]. The present guidelines will focus on thyroid autoimmunity (TA) induced by immune reconstitution therapy (IRT), characterized by a

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Ilaria Muller Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Sara Maioli Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Mirco Armenti Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Laura Porcaro Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Nicola Currò Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Elisabetta Iofrida Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Lorenzo Pignataro Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Jacopo Manso Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Caterina Mian Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Jens Geginat Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy

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Mario Salvi Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS). It causes panlymphopenia followed by lymphocyte repopulation, thus classified as an immune reconstitution therapy (IRT) ( 1 , 2 ). After ALTZ, 34–41% of patients with MS develop thyroid autoimmunity, in 63–65% of

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G. Teckie Divisions of Endocrinology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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S.A. Bhana Divisions of Endocrinology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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J.M.L. Tsitsi Infectious Diseases, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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R. Shires Divisions of Endocrinology, Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital and University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa

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in an AIDS patient can be attributed to a number of processes including Graves' disease in the setting of the immune reconstitution syndrome, various antiretroviral drugs and complicating infections, such as cytomegalovirus. The absence of tracer

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George J. Kahaly Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Luigi Bartalena Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Lazlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Laurence Leenhardt Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Kris Poppe Endocrine Unit, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Simon H. Pearce Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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non-lactating women. 1, ∅∅○○ 43 MMI is recommended during lactation, given the concerns about PTU-mediated hepatotoxicity. 1, ∅∅○○ The Elderly, Children and Adolescents, and Immune Reconstitution Elderly Although the incidence of GD

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Giovanna Rotondo Dottore Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Marenza Leo Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberta Ricciardi Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michelangelo Maestri Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Ilaria Bucci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Marco Lucchi Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Franca Melfi Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology, Division of Thoracic Surgery, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Melania Guida Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Anna De Rosa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Loredana Petrucci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neurology Unit, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Ilaria Ionni Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Giulia Lanzolla Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesca Nicolì Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michele Mantuano Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Debora Ricci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Francesco Latrofa Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Stefano Mariotti Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Monserrato, Italy

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Claudio Marcocci Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Michele Marinò Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Unit II, University of Pisa and University Hospital of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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suppressing immunity against self-antigens, as they showed that thyroiditis could be prevented by reconstitution of the T-cell repertoire by injecting the animals with lymphoid cells from normal syngeneic rats [ 26 ]. In support of these conclusions, Smith et

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Susanne Neumann Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Christine C. Krieger Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Marvin C. Gershengorn Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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as possible to the original patient’s sample, we reconstituted the samples after purification to their original volume. The purification of serum samples did not change the heterogeneous mixture of stimulatory and blocking TSHR antibodies since all

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Julia Ramalho Amalio da Silva Breder Endocrinology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Paulo Alonso Garcia Alves Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Mario Lucio Araújo Pathology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Barbara Pires Endocrinology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Priscila Valverde Pathology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Daniel Alves Bulzico Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fernanda Andrade Accioly Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Rossana Corbo Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Mario Vaisman Endocrinology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Fernanda Vaisman Endocrinology Department, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Endocrinology Department, Instituto Nacional do Cancer do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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contain testosterone receptor binding sites and are related to tumor suppressor and immune-regulatory activity. To further evaluate the influence of testosterone, testosterone was replaced in a group of castrated mice, and the reconstitution of

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Christiaan F Mooij Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Timothy D Cheetham Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Frederik A Verburg Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Duisburg Essen, Essen, Germany

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Simon H Pearce Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK

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Juliane Léger Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Reference Center for Rare Endocrine Growth and Development Diseases, Endo-ERN HCP, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Robert Debré University Hospital, University of Paris, NeuroDiderot Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France

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A S Paul van Trotsenburg Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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disease . American Journal of Medicine 2010 123 183.e1 – 183.e9 . ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2009.06.030 ) 19 Sinha A Abinun M Gennery AR Barge D Slatter M Cheetham T . Graves’ immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in

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