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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche  la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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-being to be restored [ 1 ]. An alternative treatment with L-T 4 /liothyronine (L-T 3 ) combination therapy remains controversial, but is nonetheless often requested by patients. The European Thyroid Association concluded in its 2012 guidelines that a small

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Oscar Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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symptoms despite being biochemically euthyroid [ 1 ]. European Thyroid Association (ETA) guidelines [ 2 ] from 2012 suggest that L-T 4 /liothyronine (L-T 3 ) combination therapy could be considered as an experimental approach for compliant patients with

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Antonio C. Bianco Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla., USA

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Sabina Casula Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Fla., USA

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Brain T 3 Be Restored by Treatment with Combined Levothyroxine and Liothyronine Therapy? There is circumstantial evidence supporting the paradigm that a variability/defect in thyroid hormone transport and/or metabolism could lead to insufficient T 3

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Luba Freja Michaelsson Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bjarke Borregaard Medici Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Christian Selmer Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Michael Røder Department of Medicine, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Division of Pharmacies and Reimbursement, Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Hans Perrild Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jens Faber Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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enzymes converting thyroxine (T 4 ) to T 3 , qualifying these patients for combination therapy [ 3 ]. T 4 /T 3 combination therapy can be given as combination of L-T 4 /liothyronine (L-T 3 ) or as desiccated thyroid. The therapy is controversial: T 3

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Jacqueline Jonklaas Division of Endocrinology, Georgetown University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA

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Antonio C. Bianco Section of Adult and Pediatric Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Anne R. Cappola Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Francesco S. Celi Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

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Eric Fliers Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Heike Heuer Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Elizabeth A. McAninch Division of Endocrinology, Rush University, Chicago, Illinois, USA

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Lars C. Moeller Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Birte Nygaard Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Anna M. Sawka Division of Endocrinology, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

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Torquil Watt Department of Endocrinology, Copenhagen University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Colin M. Dayan Thyroid Research Group, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom

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excluded, the patient and their physician may wish to explore alternative therapies for optimization of health and well-being. However, the use of combination therapy with both LT4 and liothyronine (LT3) remains highly controversial with conflicting results

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Birte Nygaard Departments of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Lars Bastholt Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Finn Noe Bennedbæk Departments of Endocrinology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Tobias Wirenfeldt Klausen Departments of Haematology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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Jens Bentzen Departments of Oncology, Herlev University Hospital, Herlev

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significantly impact their lives and may, from a patient's point of view, be unacceptable. TSH-stimulated radioiodine (RI) therapy is an important tool in the treatment of DTC. This requires a high concentration of TSH in serum. Traditionally, this has been

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Wilmar M. Wiersinga Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Leonidas Duntas Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece

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Valentin Fadeyev Federal Endocrinological Scientific Center, Moscow, Russia

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Birte Nygaard Department of Endocrinology, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark

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Mark P.J. Vanderpump Department of Endocrinology, Royal Free Hampstead NHS Trust, London, UK

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: Combined therapy with levothyroxine and liothyronine in two ratios, compared with levothyroxine monotherapy in primary hypothyroidism: a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:2666–2674. 10.1210/jc.2004

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Roberto Fiore Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Hôtel des Patients, Lausanne, Switzerland

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Stefano La Rosa Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Silvia Uccella Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Deborah Marchiori Unit of Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Peter A Kopp Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital of Lausanne and University of Lausanne, Hôtel des Patients, Lausanne, Switzerland

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. It should be considered in subjects with high thyroid hormone requirements after excluding poor compliance and malabsorption. Very high doses of levothyroxine, sometimes in combination with liothyronine, are needed to compensate for the

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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patients on ‘adequate’ doses of L-thyroxine: results of a large, controlled community-based questionnaire study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2002;57:577–585. 4 Clyde PW, Harari AE, Getka EJ, Shakir KM: Combined levothyroxine plus liothyronine compared

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Jeppe Lerche la Cour Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Line Tang Møllehave Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Bjarke Røssner Medici Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Christian Zinck Jensen Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark

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Anne Ahrendt Bjerregaard Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Capital Region, Denmark

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Birte Nygaard Center for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospitals, Herlev, Denmark
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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increased, and it has been suggested that some hypothyroid patients could improve their quality of life if treated with liothyronine (L-T3) or desiccated thyroid extract (DTE). However, L-T3 and DTE therapy is still controversial among endocrinologists and

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