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Vincenza Leone Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Concetta Langella Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Francesco Esposito Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Marco De Martino Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci Department of Pathology, Lyon Sud Hospital Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Gennaro Chiappetta Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy

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Antonio Bianco Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Alfredo Fusco Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules of 19-22 nucleotides in length that are capable of regulating gene expression at a translational level and binding to a complementary sequence found in the 3′-untranslated

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Rob Janssen Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Alice Muller Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Warner S. Simonides Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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physiological and/or pathological cardiac remodeling [ 1 , 3 ]. Stimulation and repression of gene expression are the result of direct transcriptional effects as well as regulation of translation efficiency by microRNAs (miRNAs) [ 4 , 5 ]. In the case of

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Sule Canberk Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal

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Joana C. Ferreira Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal

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Luísa Pereira Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal

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Rui Batısta Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal

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Andre F. Vieira Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal

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Paula Soares Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal

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Manuel Sobrinho Simões Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal
Abel Salazar Biomedical Sciences Institute (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology and Oncology, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal

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Valdemar Máximo Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal
Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto (FMUP), Porto, Portugal

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). DICER1 is a member of the RNAse III family that plays a key role in the biogenesis involved in the processing of small non-coding RNAs (microRNAs), potentially affecting gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. Since the first report in 2001

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Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-sani Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

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Ameneh Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

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Majid Asadi-Samani Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

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Gholam-Reza Mobini Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

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, Douglas S, Makki FM, Pinto D, Butler AL, et al: Serum microRNA profiling to distinguish papillary thyroid cancer from benign thyroid masses. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;44: 1. 10.1186/s40463-015-0083-5 26341226 7 Mazzaferri EL: Thyroid cancer

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Jacopo Manso Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy

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Simona Censi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Cristina Clausi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Ilaria Piva Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Yi Hang Zhu Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alberto Mondin Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Maria Chiara Pedron Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Susi Barollo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Loris Bertazza Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Giulia Midena Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Raffaele Parrozzani Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Caterina Mian Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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& Rao DS . MicroRNAs in inflammation and immune responses . Leukemia 2012 26 404 – 413 . ( https://doi.org/10.1038/leu.2011.356 ) 13 Zhang L Masetti G Colucci G Salvi M Covelli D Eckstein A Kaiser U Draman MS Muller I Ludgate M

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Carles Zafon Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona

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Juan J. Díez Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Ramón y Cajal
Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid

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Juan C. Galofré Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
IdiSNA (Instituto de investigación en la salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain

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David S. Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

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-related mutations. The ThyroSeq approach has been proposed as a “rule-in” test [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], that is, a test with a high specificity. - Rossetta genomics is a platform recently developed that analyses the expression of a combination of micro-RNA (miRNA

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Alison-Michelle Naujack Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Epigenetics & Metabolism, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Christin Krause Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Epigenetics & Metabolism, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jan H Britsemmer Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Epigenetics & Metabolism, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Natalie Taege Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Epigenetics & Metabolism, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Henriette Kirchner Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Epigenetics & Metabolism, Center of Brain Behavior & Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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metabolic diseases ( 10 ). While DNA methylation works on the transcriptional level, micro-RNAs (miRNAs) influence translation. miRNAs are small, ~22 nucleotide-long, non-coding RNAs that bind to target mRNAs through the short complementary seed sequence and

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João Anselmo Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

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Carolina M. Chaves Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Divino Espírito Santo, Ponta Delgada, Portugal

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mediated by microRNA (miR). The role of epigenetic events in gene expression was first reported by Waddington [ 6 ]in 1942; however, only during the last decades has the importance of epigenetic mechanisms gained much attention. Epigenetic events are

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Dorothée Bouron-Dal Soglio Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Leanne de Kock The Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Richard Gauci Nuclear Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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Nelly Sabbaghian The Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Elizabeth Thomas Nuclear Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Washington, Australia

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Helen C. Atkinson Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia

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Nicholas Pachter Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia
King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia

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Simon Ryan Department of General Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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John P. Walsh Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Washington, Australia

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Karen Carpenter Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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Ayça Aydoğan Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey

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Colin J.R. Stewart King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia

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William D. Foulkes The Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Catherine S. Choong Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Washington, Australia
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia

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precursors to generate mature microRNAs (miRNAs), which, in turn, post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Carriers of DICER1 mutations are predisposed to developing a broad range of tumours of predominantly paediatric or adolescent onset [ 17 ], as

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Mario Monaco Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Italy

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Gennaro Chiappetta Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Italy

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Concetta Aiello Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Italy

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Antonella Federico Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Romina Sepe Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Daniela Russo Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Italy

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Alfredo Fusco Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
Instituto Nacional de Câncer - INCA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Pierlorenzo Pallante Istituto per l'Endocrinologia e l'Oncologia Sperimentale (IEOS), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), c/o Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche (DMMBM), Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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10 Mansueto G, Forzati F, Ferraro A, Pallante P, Bianco M, Esposito F, Iaccarino A, Troncone G, Fusco A: Identification of a new pathway for tumor progression: microRNA-181B upregulation and CBX7 down-regulation by HMGA1 protein. Genes Cancer 2010

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