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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Rome, Italy

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Hervé Monpeyssen Thyroid Unit, American Hospital, Paris, France

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Andrea Frasoldati Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova IRCCS-ASL, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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lesions (1, ØØØO). Thermal Treatment: Currently Available Techniques Among the currently available TA techniques for benign thyroid nodules, laser thermal ablation (LTA), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and high

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Eduardo Crespo Vallejo Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Antonio Hermosin Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Manuel Gargallo Endocrinology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Álvaro Villalba Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Eduardo Daguer Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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José Flores Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Javier Periañez Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Joaquim Amorín Interventional Radiology, Hospital Universitario Fundacion Jiménez Diaz, Madrid, Spain

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Ernesto Santos Interventional Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA

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observation alone in adult patients who have benign TNs that cause pressure symptoms and/or cosmetic concerns and decline surgery. RFA is the most utilized system, but microwave ablation (MWA) is an interesting new option with the potential to overcome some

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Giovanni Mauri Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Division of Interventional Radiology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steven Bandula Interventional Oncology Service, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Roberto Luigi Cazzato Department of Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France

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Agnieszka Czarniecka The Oncologic and Reconstructive Surgery Clinic, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, Gliwice Branch, Gliwice, Poland

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Oliver Dudeck Center for Microtherapy, Klinik Hirslanden, Zurich, Switzerland

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Laura Fugazzola Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Romana Netea-Maier Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Göran Wallin Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden

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Enrico Papini Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Ospedale Regina Apostolorum, Albano, Italy

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]. Microwave Ablation With microwave ablation (MWA), high-frequency (MHz to GHz range) electromagnetic energy passes unimpeded into the tissue and induces hyperthermia by rapid oscillation of water molecules. This direct tissue heating is less susceptible to

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Yanping Ma Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Tao Wu Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Zhicheng Yao General Surgery Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Bowen Zheng Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Lei Tan Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Ge Tong Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Yufan Lian Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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Jung Hwan Baek Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jie Ren Department of Medical Ultrasound, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou City, China

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, which can even take up to 1 h in microwave ablation [ 17 ], this duration may be too short to cover the whole ablation process. One possible solution would be to increase the volume of injected liquid. Lee M et al. [ 18 ] injected as much as 260 mL cold

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Andrea Frasoldati Division of Endocrinology, Arcispedale S. Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Enrico Papini Division of Endocrinology, Regina Apostolorum Hospital, Albano Laziale, Italy

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purposes in thyroid cancer, neither amenable to surgical resection nor radioiodine ablation (RAI), with promising results [ 10 , 11 ]. In addition to LA and RFA, other techniques, like high intensity focused US (HIFU) and microwave ablation (MWA), are

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Min Ji Jeon Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Gu Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Ki-Wook Chung Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Jung Hwan Baek Department of Radiology and Research Institute of Radiology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Won Bae Kim Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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Young Kee Shong Department of Internal Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea

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do not recommend ablation therapies for PTMC [ 47 ], some studies reported the safety and effectiveness of localized minimally invasive therapies, such as microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), for PTMC. Teng et al. [ 48 ] reported that

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, “V. Fazzi” Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Clinic for Nuclear Medicine and Competence Center for Thyroid Diseases, Imaging Institute of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland

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reduce the volume of large nodules. Currently there is much more limited experience with microwave and high-focused ultrasound techniques. Well established data from the literature demonstrate that a significant shrinkage can be obtained in the vast

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Filipe Pereira Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto

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Sofia S. Pereira Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto
Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto

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Marta Mesquita Serviço de Anatomia Patológica, Instituto Português Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon

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Tiago Morais Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto

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Madalena M. Costa Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto

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Pedro Quelhas Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto
Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto

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Carlos Lopes Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP)
Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto

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Mariana P. Monteiro Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Multidisciplinary Unit for Biomedical Research (UMIB), ICBAS, University of Porto, Porto

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Valeriano Leite Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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performed in 3-μm formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections mounted on adhesive microscope slides (StarFrost, Knittel Glass, Germany). Sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated in graded alcohols, and underwent antigen retrieval performed by microwave

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Laura Fugazzola Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Maurilio Deandrea Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Stefano Borgato Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Marco Dell’Acqua Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Francesca Retta Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alberto Mormile Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department and Center for Thyroid Diseases, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Chiara Carzaniga Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Giacomo Gazzano Pathology Unit, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Gabriele Pogliaghi Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Marina Muzza Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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perform a molecular testing, or a diagnostic lobectomy, or an active surveillance. Few papers have been published reporting the efficacy of thermo- or microwave ablation in this class of nodules, but only small (volume range: 1.9–7.9 mL) and genetically

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Gilles Russ Thyroid and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

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Sophie Leboulleux Department of Nuclear Medicine and Endocrine Oncology, Institut Gustave Roussy, University Paris-Sud, Villejuif, France

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Laurence Leenhardt Thyroid and Endocrine Tumor Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Pitié Salpêtrière Hospital, University Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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could also be used to treat thyroid incidentalomas. Other potential ablation techniques, such as microwaves and high-frequency US, have yet to be employed for this purpose. Conclusions Thyroid incidentalomas are overwhelmingly frequent and

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