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lesions (1, ØØØO). Thermal Treatment: Currently Available Techniques Among the currently available TA techniques for benign thyroid nodules, laser thermal ablation (LTA), radiofrequency ablation (RFA), microwave ablation (MWA), and high
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observation alone in adult patients who have benign TNs that cause pressure symptoms and/or cosmetic concerns and decline surgery. RFA is the most utilized system, but microwave ablation (MWA) is an interesting new option with the potential to overcome some
Division of Interventional Radiology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
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Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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]. Microwave Ablation With microwave ablation (MWA), high-frequency (MHz to GHz range) electromagnetic energy passes unimpeded into the tissue and induces hyperthermia by rapid oscillation of water molecules. This direct tissue heating is less susceptible to
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, which can even take up to 1 h in microwave ablation [ 17 ], this duration may be too short to cover the whole ablation process. One possible solution would be to increase the volume of injected liquid. Lee M et al. [ 18 ] injected as much as 260 mL cold
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purposes in thyroid cancer, neither amenable to surgical resection nor radioiodine ablation (RAI), with promising results [ 10 , 11 ]. In addition to LA and RFA, other techniques, like high intensity focused US (HIFU) and microwave ablation (MWA), are
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do not recommend ablation therapies for PTMC [ 47 ], some studies reported the safety and effectiveness of localized minimally invasive therapies, such as microwave ablation and radiofrequency ablation (RFA), for PTMC. Teng et al. [ 48 ] reported that
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Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland
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reduce the volume of large nodules. Currently there is much more limited experience with microwave and high-focused ultrasound techniques. Well established data from the literature demonstrate that a significant shrinkage can be obtained in the vast
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Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto
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Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, Porto
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Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto
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Serviço de Endocrinologia, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa, Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
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performed in 3-μm formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissue sections mounted on adhesive microscope slides (StarFrost, Knittel Glass, Germany). Sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated in graded alcohols, and underwent antigen retrieval performed by microwave
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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perform a molecular testing, or a diagnostic lobectomy, or an active surveillance. Few papers have been published reporting the efficacy of thermo- or microwave ablation in this class of nodules, but only small (volume range: 1.9–7.9 mL) and genetically
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could also be used to treat thyroid incidentalomas. Other potential ablation techniques, such as microwaves and high-frequency US, have yet to be employed for this purpose. Conclusions Thyroid incidentalomas are overwhelmingly frequent and