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Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U895, University Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U895, University Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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pregnant women with initial normal thyroid function. In addition, smoking has a complex impact on thyroid function [ 11 , 12 ]. During pregnancy, it has been reported that maternal smoking may affect fetal thyroid function [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund
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Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund
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factors are important, and two strong risk factors for development of GO are smoking and treatment with radioiodine [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. An interesting observation was made in a patient with inactive and stable GO, who developed active clinical
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factors influencing outcome of antithyroid drug treatment for GD patients in Taiwan, an island where iodine intake is sufficient [ 12 , 13 ]. Factors studied included both afferent (CTLA-4, CD28, ICOS) and efferent (CD40) costimulatory genes, smoking
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active GO, and 1 (0.3%) had sight-threatening GO (dysthyroid optic neuropathy) [ 16 ]. Several years ago, a questionnaire-based survey among European specialists suggested a declining prevalence of GO, possibly related to a decrease in smoking habits [ 17
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Dear Editor, We read the article ‘Relative impact of iodine supplementation and maternal smoking on cord blood thyroglobulin in pregnant women with normal thyroid function' by Hiéronimus et al. [ 1 ] with great interest. The authors
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diminished (transrepression) [ 7 ]. Fig. 1 Positive regulatory loop of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 = interleukin-1, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α) and NF-κB regulated by GC, Se and ROS in GO. Cigarette smoking is a major source of ROS
Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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studies are required to clarify the association between MetS and TNs in men. In addition to MetS, lifestyle factors have also been identified as influential factors for TNs. Studies have shown that work physical intensity, smoking, and alcohol
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Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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them. This model included the following predictors: time (follow-up years), MetS status, and an interaction term of these 2 (follow-up years × MetS status) and was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and smoking. This interaction shows how the effect of MetS
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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[ 1 , 2 ] and environmental factors [ 3 ]. One strong risk factor is tobacco smoking, which results in higher TRAb at diagnosis of GD and during treatment with thiamazole than in nonsmokers [ 4 ]. It has also been shown that smokers treated with
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leads to a higher detection rate than targeted screening [ 9 , 10 ]. The aim of this review paper is to describe the impact of established variables on thyroid function such as smoking, parity, and BMI, and that of new candidate variables such as iron