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Sylvie Hiéronimus Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine

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Patricia Ferrari Departments of Biochemistry, University Hospital of Nice

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Jocelyn Gal Department of Biostatistics, University of Nice

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Frédéric Berthier Department of Biostatistics, University of Nice

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Stéphane Azoulay Institute of Chemistry, UMR 6001, University of Nice-Sophia-Antipolis

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André Bongain Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital of Nice

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Patrick Fénichel Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine
Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U895, University Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France

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Françoise Brucker-Davis Departments of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Reproductive Medicine
Institut National de la Recherche Médicale, UMR U895, University Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France

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pregnant women with initial normal thyroid function. In addition, smoking has a complex impact on thyroid function [ 11 , 12 ]. During pregnancy, it has been reported that maternal smoking may affect fetal thyroid function [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19

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Mikael Lantz Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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Jan Calissendorff Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset

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Frank Träisk Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Leif Tallstedt Department of Clinical Neurosciences, St. Erik Eye Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

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Tereza Planck Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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Ove Törring Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Science and Education, Södersjukhuset

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Bengt Hallengren Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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Peter Åsman Department of Endocrinology and Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Malmö
Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund

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factors are important, and two strong risk factors for development of GO are smoking and treatment with radioiodine [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 ]. An interesting observation was made in a patient with inactive and stable GO, who developed active clinical

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Pei-Wen Wang Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine

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I-Ya Chen Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine

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Suh-Hang Hank Juo Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Medical Genetics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC

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Edward Hsi Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital and Graduate Institute of Medical Genetics, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC

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Rue-Tsuan Liu Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine

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Ching-Jung Hsieh Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine

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factors influencing outcome of antithyroid drug treatment for GD patients in Taiwan, an island where iodine intake is sufficient [ 12 , 13 ]. Factors studied included both afferent (CTLA-4, CD28, ICOS) and efferent (CD40) costimulatory genes, smoking

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Luigi Bartalena Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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active GO, and 1 (0.3%) had sight-threatening GO (dysthyroid optic neuropathy) [ 16 ]. Several years ago, a questionnaire-based survey among European specialists suggested a declining prevalence of GO, possibly related to a decrease in smoking habits [ 17

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Mustafa Dinc Department of Internal Medicine, Beytepe Military Hospital

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Mustafa Cakar Departments of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Sevket Balta Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey

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Muharrem Akhan Departments of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Hakan Sarlak Departments of Internal Medicine, Ankara, Turkey

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Sait Demirkol Cardiology, Gulhane Medical Academy, Ankara, Turkey

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Dear Editor, We read the article ‘Relative impact of iodine supplementation and maternal smoking on cord blood thyroglobulin in pregnant women with normal thyroid function' by Hiéronimus et al. [ 1 ] with great interest. The authors

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Horea Ioan Ursu ‘C.I. Parhon' National Institute of Endocrinology

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Monica Livia Gheorghiu ‘Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

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diminished (transrepression) [ 7 ]. Fig. 1 Positive regulatory loop of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 = interleukin-1, TNF-α = tumor necrosis factor-α) and NF-κB regulated by GC, Se and ROS in GO. Cigarette smoking is a major source of ROS

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Ziyu Wan Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Ying Li Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Xiaoqian Dong Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yue Kang Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Juan Luo Xiangya School of Nursing, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jiangang Wang Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Pingting Yang Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yaqin Wang Health Management Center, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Yinglong Duan Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Jianfei Xie Nursing Department, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China

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Andy S K Cheng Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

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studies are required to clarify the association between MetS and TNs in men. In addition to MetS, lifestyle factors have also been identified as influential factors for TNs. Studies have shown that work physical intensity, smoking, and alcohol

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Ladan Mehran Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Atieh Amouzegar Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Hengameh Abdi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Negar Delbari Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Elham Madreseh Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Maryam Tohidi Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Mohammad Ali Mansournia Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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Fereidoun Azizi Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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them. This model included the following predictors: time (follow-up years), MetS status, and an interaction term of these 2 (follow-up years × MetS status) and was adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and smoking. This interaction shows how the effect of MetS

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Ola Lindgren Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Pernilla Asp Department of Oncology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Anna Sundlöv Department of Oncology, Lund University, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Jan Tennvall Department of Oncology, Lund University, and Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden

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Bushra Shahida Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, and Diabetes and Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

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Tereza Planck Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Peter Åsman Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Ophthalmology, Lund University, and Department of Ophthalmology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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Mikael Lantz Department of Endocrinology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
Department of Clinical Sciences, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden

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[ 1 , 2 ] and environmental factors [ 3 ]. One strong risk factor is tobacco smoking, which results in higher TRAb at diagnosis of GD and during treatment with thiamazole than in nonsmokers [ 4 ]. It has also been shown that smokers treated with

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Flora Veltri Department of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Kris Poppe Department of Endocrinology, CHU Saint-Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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leads to a higher detection rate than targeted screening [ 9 , 10 ]. The aim of this review paper is to describe the impact of established variables on thyroid function such as smoking, parity, and BMI, and that of new candidate variables such as iron

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