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Tanja Diana Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Hans-Peter Holthoff AdvanceCor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany

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Julia Fassbender AdvanceCor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany

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Christian Wüster Endocrine Laboratory and Practice Prof. Wüster, Mainz, Germany

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Michael Kanitz Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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George J. Kahaly Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Martin Ungerer AdvanceCor GmbH, Martinsried, Germany

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mice were also studied. Free Thyroxine Levels and Thyrotropin Receptor Antibodies Serum fT4 and TSHR-binding inhibiting autoantibodies (TBII) levels were measured with Immulite 2000 XPi (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) according to the

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Lars Folkestad Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Frans Brandt Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Sønderborg, Denmark

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Thomas Brix Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Marianne Vogsen Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Lars Bastholt Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Peter Grupe Department of Nuclear Medicine, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Jeanette  Krogh Petersen Department of Clinical Pathology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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What Is Known about This Topic? The prevalence of thyrotoxicosis in patients with thyroid cancer is unknown. In view of the sparse reports, it is most likely very low. Thyrotropin receptor antibodies are seldom measured or found in

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Solène Castellnou Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Patricia Bretones Service d’Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Bron, France

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Juliette Abeillon Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Myriam Moret Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Bron, France

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Pauline Perrin Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Bron, France

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Karim Chikh Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Sud, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Sud, LBMMS, Saint Genis Laval, France

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Véronique Raverot Centre de Biologie et de Pathologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Bron, France

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-9972 2 Diana T , Olivo PD , Kahaly GJ . Thyrotropin Receptor Blocking Antibodies . Horm Metab Res . 2018 Dec ; 50 ( 12 ): 853 – 62 . 10.1055/a-0723-9023 30286485 0018-5043 3 Kanike N , Davis A , Shekhawat PS

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Alan Chun Hong Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong, China
Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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George J. Kahaly Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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treatments for GH. CD40L, CD40 ligand; GH, Graves’ hyperthyroidism; MAb, monoclonal antibody; MHC Class II, major histocompatibility complex class II molecule; TSH-R, thyrotropin receptor; TSI, thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin. Summary of Clinical

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Gerd Krause Structural Biology, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany

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Anja Eckstein Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany

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Ralf Schülein Protein Trafficking, Leibniz-Forschungsinstitut für molekulare Pharmakologie (FMP), Berlin, Germany

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Introduction TSH-Receptor, Graves’ Disease and Graves’ Orbitopathy The thyrotropin receptor or thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor (TSHR) is mainly expressed in follicular epithelial cells of the thyroid gland [ 1 ]. TSHR activation

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Tanja Diana Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Paul D. Olivo Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Yie-Hwa Chang Mediomics, LLC, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

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Christian Wüster Endocrine Laboratory and Practice Prof. Wüster, Mainz, Germany

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Michael Kanitz Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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George J. Kahaly Molecular Thyroid Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University (JGU) Medical Center, Mainz, Germany

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Introduction Autoantibodies against the thyrotropin receptor (TSH-R-Ab) play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune thyroid diseases [ 1 - 5 ]. These functional antibodies demonstrate different effects on the TSH-R and can either

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John H. Lazarus Centre for Endocrine and Diabetes Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK

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features of Graves’ disease in the first trimester of pregnancy may occur due to stimulation of the thyroid both by human chorionic gonadotropin and thyrotropin receptor-stimulating antibodies [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. The markedly increased thyroid hormone

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Ringo Manta Department of Nuclear Medicine, CHU Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Charlotte Martin Department of Infectious Diseases, CHU Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Vinciane Muls Department of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, CHU Saint-Pierre, University Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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Kris G Poppe Department of Endocrinology, CHU Saint Pierre, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

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vedolizumab, oral budesonide and mycophenolic acid. In April 2020, the patient presented a mild COVID-19 and received hydroxychloroquine. Concomitantly, he developed transient hypothyroidism with negative thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb) and thyrotropin-receptor

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Earn H. Gan Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Anna L. Mitchell Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Ruth Plummer Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Simon Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Petros Perros Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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.5–21.5). Thyroid peroxidase antibodies were elevated at >600 kU/L (reference range 0–34), as was the thyrotropin receptor antibody level, measured at 5.0 IU/L (reference range1.0–1.8; BRAHMS Kryptor TRAK assay), consistent with Graves disease (Fig.  1 ). The

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Joanna Bogusławska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Marlena Godlewska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Ewa Gajda Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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hypothyroidism. In contrast, GD is mainly associated with hyperthyroidism, resulting from the presence of thyroid-stimulating antibodies which activate thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) on thyrocytes, leading to thyroid hyperplasia. Only a minor number of GD patients

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