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Satoshi Koyama Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan

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Naritomo Miyake Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan

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Kazunori Fujiwara Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan

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Tsuyoshi Morisaki Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan

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Takahiro Fukuhara Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan

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Hiroya Kitano Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan
Center for Head and Neck Surgery, Kusatsu General Hospital, Kusatsu, Japan

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Hiromi Takeuchi Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan

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Introduction Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most aggressive cancers, and death usually occurs within a few months after diagnosis [ 1 ]. Surgery is the most effective treatment to improve the prognosis [ 2 - 4 ]; however, most

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Janice Ser Huey Tan Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Timothy Kwang Yong Tay Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Enya Hui Wen Ong Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Michael Fehlings ImmunoScape, 1 Scotts Road #24-10, Singapore

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Daniel Shao-Weng Tan Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Nadiah Binte Sukma Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Eileen Xueqin Chen Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Jen-Hwei Sng Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Connie Siew Poh Yip Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Kok Hing Lim Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Darren Wan-Teck Lim Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Narayanan Gopalakrishna Iyer Division of Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Jacqueline Siok Gek Hwang Department of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore

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Melvin Lee Kiang Chua Division of Radiation Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Mei-Kim Ang Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Hospital Boulevard, Singapore

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Introduction Anaplastic thyroid cancers (ATCs) are rare aggressive tumours, comprising only 1–2% of all thyroid cancers worldwide, and are typically associated with high mortality rates and a median overall survival (OS) of 5–12 months ( 1

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Inês Damásio Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Joana Simões-Pereira Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Sara Donato Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal

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Mariana Horta Radiology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon Portugal

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Branca Maria Cavaco Molecular Pathobiology Research Unit (UIPM), Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Miguel Rito Pathology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Pedro Gomes Head and Neck Surgery Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal

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Valeriano Leite Endocrinology Department, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, Lisbon, Portugal
Nova Medical School, Lisbon, Portugal

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Established facts Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma is one of the most aggressive cancers in humans and frequently presents with unressectable disease. Individualized therapies targeting specific molecular alterations are emerging

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Andrea Palermo Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Andrea Napolitano Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Daria Maggi Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Anda Mihaela Naciu Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Gaia Tabacco Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Silvia Manfrini Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Anna Crescenzi Department of Anatomic Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Chiara Taffon Department of Anatomic Pathology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Francesco Pantano Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Bruno Vincenzi Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Guiseppe Tonini Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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Daniele Santini Department of Medical Oncology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy

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initially used for the treatment of malignant melanoma and then approved in other cancers, such as non-small cell lung cancer and clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) [ 2 ]. More recently, a case of anaplastic thyroid cancer treated with vemurafenib and

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Alexis Lacout Centre d’Imagerie Médicale, Aurillac, France

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Emmanuel Chamorey Unité d’Epidémiologie et Biostatistiques (UEB), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France

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Juliette Thariat Department of Radiation Oncology, Baclesse Cancer Research Institute, Caen, France

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Mostafa El Hajjam Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ambroise Paré, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France

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Carole Chevenet Laboratoire d’Anatomie et de Cytologie Pathologique du CHU Estaing, Clermont Ferrand, France

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Renaud Schiappa Unité d’Epidémiologie et de Biostatistiques (UEB), Département Recherche Clinique Innovation et Statistiques (DRIS), Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Nice, France

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Pierre Yves Marcy Polyclinique Les Fleurs, Service Imagerie Médicale, Ollioules, France

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Introduction Thyroid carcinomas account for 1–1.5% of all cancers and have a pronounced female predominance (sex ratio F/M: 6–7 cases/1). The incidence of thyroid cancers is around 7.5 in females and 2.1 in males per year per 100

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Benjamin Chevalier Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Oriane Karleskind Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Arnaud Jannin Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France

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Olivier Farchi Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hormonology Metabolism Nutrition Oncology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Catherine Vermaut Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hormonology Metabolism Nutrition Oncology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Alexandre Escande Academic Department of Radiation Oncology, Oscar Lambret Comprehensive Cancer Center, Lille, France
CRIStAL UMR CNRS 9189, University of Lille, Villeneuve-d’Ascq, France

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Clio Baillet Department of Nuclear Medicine, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Stéphanie Espiard Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), CHU Lille, Lille, France

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Marie-Christine Vantyghem Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, Lille, France
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), CHU Lille, Lille, France

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Bruno Carnaille University of Lille, Lille, France

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Emmanuelle Leteurtre University of Lille, Lille, France
Department of Pathology, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France
University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, UMR9020-U1277 - CANTHER - Cancer Heterogeneity Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France

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Christine Do Cao Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Lille University Hospital, Lille, France

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Established facts Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma represents the most aggressive variant of thyroid cancer. Prognosis is dismal. Classical treatment is based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Surgery is rarely feasible

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Tim Brandenburg Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, Member of ENDO-ERN and EURACAN, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Philipp Muchalla Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, Member of ENDO-ERN and EURACAN, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Sarah Theurer Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, Member of ENDO-ERN and EURACAN, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Kurt Werner Schmid Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, Member of ENDO-ERN and EURACAN, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
University Duisburg-Essen, Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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Dagmar Führer Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
Endocrine Tumour Center at West German Cancer Center, Member of ENDO-ERN and EURACAN, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany

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NF1 mutations in anaplastic thyroid cancer . Endocrine . 2016 Dec 1 ; 54 ( 3 ): 733 – 41 . http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-016-1080-9 . 12 Subbiah V , Kreitman RJ , Wainberg ZA , Cho JY , Schellens JHM , Soria JC

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Noriyoshi Takahashi Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Haruo Matsushita Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Rei Umezawa Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Takaya Yamamoto Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Yojiro Ishikawa Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Yu Katagiri Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Shun Tasaka Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Kazuya Takeda Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Katsuya Fukui Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Noriyuki Kadoya Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Kengo Ito Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Keiichi Jingu Department of Radiation Oncology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan

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Introduction Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is a rare cancer and has a poor prognosis. Thyroid carcinoma accounts for only 1% of all malignant neoplasms, and ATC accounts for only 1.7% of all thyroid cancers [ 1 ]. All ATC patients are

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Mafalda Marcelino Department of Endocrinology, Armed Forces University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal
Department of Endocrinology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal

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Pedro Marques Department of Endocrinology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal

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Luis Lopes Department of Endocrinology, Armed Forces University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

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Valeriano Leite Department of Endocrinology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Lisbon, Portugal

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João Jácome de Castro Department of Endocrinology, Armed Forces University Hospital, Lisbon, Portugal

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2040867 16 Aldinger KA, Samaan NA, Ibanez M, Hill CS Jr: Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid: a review of 84 cases of spindle and giant cell carcinoma of the thyroid. Cancer 1978;41:2267-2275. 10.1002/1097-0142(197806)41:6<2267::AID-CNCR2820410627

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C. Mari Aparici Nuclear Medicine, Radiology Department, University of California San Francisco, UCSF
Nuclear Medicine, Radiology Department, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, Calif., USA

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T. Liu Nuclear Medicine, Radiology Department, University of California San Francisco, UCSF

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untreated and in older patients, it can dedifferentiate into more aggressive and less treatable anaplastic thyroid cancer. Rarely, differentiated papillary cancer metastasizes to the lungs and very rarely to the skeleton and brain. Likewise nonlocal lymph

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