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Peter N. Taylor Thyroid Research Group, Institute of Experimental and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London

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Bijay Vaidya Department of Endocrinology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital and Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, UK

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, and currently a key debate amongst endocrinologists. Anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs) have been used since the 1940s, and are the preferred treatment during pregnancy. Radio-iodine is absolutely contraindicated [ 2 , 3 ], and thyroidectomy in pregnancy

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Suresh Kumar Bunker Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

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Jagneshwar Dandapat Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

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Gagan B.N. Chainy Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

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Sunil Kumar Sahoo Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

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Prabhat Kumar Nayak Department of Biotechnology, Utkal University, Bhubaneswar, India

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Introduction Clinical use of 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), an anti-thyroid drug, in general and particularly in children is a matter of concern [ 1 , 2 ]. It has been reported that the interruption of actions of thyroid hormones by anti-thyroid

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J Karmisholt Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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S L Andersen Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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I Bulow-Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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A Krejbjerg Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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B Nygaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A Carlé Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). The disease is usually transient with remission occurring within a period of 1–2 years after treatment with anti-thyroid drugs

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Earn H. Gan Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Anna L. Mitchell Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Ruth Plummer Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Simon Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Petros Perros Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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the first 12 weeks following anti-CTLA-4 therapy. In this case, Graves disease developed after 8 years of tremelimumab therapy for metastatic melanoma. Antithyroid drug therapy was safe and effective alongside anti-CTLA-4 therapy without

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Bernard Goichot Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg
FMTS, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg

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Stéphane Bouée CEMKA, Bourg La Reine

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Claire Castello-Bridoux Medical Affairs Department, Merck Serono, Lyon

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Philippe Caron Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition, Pôle Cardio-Vasculaire et Métabolique, CHU Larrey
Inserm U1037, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

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, few studies have compared the results of the 3 available treatment options: medical treatment with synthetic antithyroid drugs (ATDs), treatment with iodine 131 ( 131 I), or surgery. Medical treatment blocks hormone synthesis and the release of thyroid

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Susanne Neumann Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Christine C. Krieger Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Marvin C. Gershengorn Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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is, by inhibiting TSHR/IGF-1R crosstalk. Of note, teprotumumab has been shown to be effective in the treatment of patients with TED [ 14 - 16 ] and has recently been approved by the United State Food and Drug Administration (FDA) (TEPEZZA, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-treatment-thyroid

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Murat Faik Erdoğan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Özgür Demir Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Reyhan Ünlü Ersoy Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Kamile Gül Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Berna İmge Aydoğan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Ziynet Alphan Üç Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Türkan Mete Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Sibel Ertek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ufuk University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Uğur Ünlütürk Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Bekir Çakır Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Yıldırım Beyazıt University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Yalçın Aral Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Serdar Güler Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara Numune Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Sevim Güllü Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Demet Çorapçıoğlu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ankara University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Selçuk Dağdelen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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Gürbüz Erdoğan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ufuk University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Turkey

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' ophthalmopathy by achieving euthyroidism . Acta Endocrinol 1989;121(suppl 2):185-189. 14 Laurberg P, Wallin G, Tallstedt L, Abraham-Nordling M, Lundell G, Tørring O: TSH-receptor autoimmunity in Graves' disease after therapy with anti-thyroid drugs

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Martina Tavarelli Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, Paris, France

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Julie Sarfati Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, Paris, France

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Christian De Gennes Service de Médecine Interne Immuno-clinique, Paris, France

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Julien Haroche Service de Médecine Interne 2, Paris, France

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Camille Buffet Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, Paris, France

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Cécile Ghander Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, Paris, France

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Jean Marc Simon Service de Radiothérapie, Paris, France

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Fabrice Ménégaux Service de Chirurgie Générale et Digestive, Groupe Hospitalier et Faculté de Médecine Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cancer, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

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Laurence Leenhardt Unité Thyroïde Tumeurs Endocrines, Paris, France

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electrophoresis were also present. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) dosage was normal. A diagnosis of HOA secondary to a paraneoplastic syndrome was made. The patient started therapy with colchicine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids with

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Eddy Rijntjes Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Philip Moritz Scholz Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Govindasamy Mugesh Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India

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Josef Köhrle Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universtätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany

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Introduction The thioamide compounds 6- n -propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU), methimazole (MMI) and carbimazole represent widely used anti-thyroid therapeutic drugs in the treatment of hyperthyroidism [ 1 ]. Their main pharmacological target is the

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Stefan Matei Constantinescu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Julien Hospel Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Chantal Daumerie Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Orsalia Alexopoulou Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Dominique Maiter Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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Maria-Cristina Burlacu Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium

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. Anti-thyroid drugs (ATD) have become the first-choice treatment for newly diagnosed Graves’ hyperthyroidism; however, this approach is hampered by a 50–55% relapse rate after an appropriate course of ATD ( 6 ). The presence of TED (thyroid eye disease

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