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Georgios Kostopoulos Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Greece

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Grigoris Effraimidis Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larissa University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece

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infarction, heart failure, and stroke are other common risk factors for AF ( 3 ). Today, the increased knowledge of the genetic causes of AF has revealed around 140 genetic loci associated with AF ( 4 ). Hyperthyroidism is also a common condition with an

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Thea Riis Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Thomas Heiberg Brix Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Lars Folkestad Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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, 12 ). It is unsettled whether these pathophysiological observations can translate into an increased risk of non-thyroid cancer in patients with hyperthyroidism ( 13 ). Results from some ( 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ), but not all ( 19 , 20 , 21

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J Karmisholt Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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S L Andersen Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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I Bulow-Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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A Krejbjerg Department of Oncology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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B Nygaard Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Herlev University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark

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A Carlé Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction Graves’ hyperthyroidism (GH) is an autoimmune disease mainly affecting the thyroid gland ( 1 , 2 ). The disease is usually transient with remission occurring within a period of 1–2 years after treatment with anti-thyroid drugs

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Earn H. Gan Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Anna L. Mitchell Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Ruth Plummer Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Simon Pearce Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Petros Perros Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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by thyroid disorders. This report describes a case of Graves hyperthyroidism after 8 years of tremelimumab therapy. We speculate a causal relationship between tremelimumab therapy and the development of Graves disease, and highlight the importance

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Clotilde Saïe Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Cécile Ghander Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Samir Saheb Apheresis Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, AP-HP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Christel Jublanc Department of Endocrinology, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Denis Lemesle Department of Anaesthesia, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Charlotte Lussey-Lepoutre Nuclear Medicine Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne Université, Inserm U970, Paris, France

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Laurence Leenhardt Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Fabrice Menegaux Department of Surgery, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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Christophe Tresallet Department of Surgery, Avicennes Hospital, Paris, France

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Camille Buffet Thyroid and Endocrine Tumors Unit, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital APHP, Sorbonne University, Paris, France

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) is an effective blood purification procedure used to treat various disorders such as autoimmune diseases and familial hypercholesterolemia [ 2 ]. In hyperthyroidism, TPE has been used since 1970 [ 3 ] and is mainly considered for use in clinical

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark

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Jørn Olsen Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Chun Sen Wu Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark

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Peter Laurberg Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Aarhus, Denmark

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adverse outcome of pregnancy is less common than the early pregnancy loss but frequent enough to be of major concern [ 1 ]. Hyperthyroidism in women of reproductive age is most often caused by Graves' disease with autoimmunity against the thyroid

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Giorgio Radetti Marienklinik, Bolzano, Italy

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Franco Rigon Department of Paediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alessandro Salvatoni Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Irene Campi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Tiziana De Filippis Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Valentina Cirello Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Silvia Longhi Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy

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Fabiana Guizzardi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Marco Bonomi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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significant changes in tissue sensitivity to THs. Differently from RETH patients, who display hyperthyroid symptoms with increasing LT4 dose, our patients were euthyroid even in the presence of high FT4 levels with a normal TSH, similarly to what reported in

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Katarzyna Pelewicz Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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Rafał Wolny Department of Interventional Cardiology and Angiology, National Institute of Cardiology, Warsaw, Poland

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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Piotr Miśkiewicz Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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it can persist causing hypothyroidism. A pathologic response to the exogenous iodine load may lead to iodine-induced hyperthyroidism (IIH), known as the Jod-Basedow phenomenon. IIH is infrequent, but elderly patients and individuals with autonomously

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Allan Carlé Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Nils Knudsen Department of Endocrinology I, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Torben Jørgensen Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Bettina Thuesen Centre for Clinical Research and Prevention, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark

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Jesper Karmisholt Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Stine Linding Andersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark

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Inge Bülow Pedersen Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Department of Clinical Institute, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark

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Introduction Hyperthyroidism is a common disease affecting women more often than men [ 1 ]. As first described by Parker et al. in 1961 [ 2 ], pregnancy is accompanied by a fall in thyroid antibody concentrations. Most [ 3 , 4 ], but not all

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Caiyan Mo Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Han Chen Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Qi Zhang Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Ying Guo Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Liyong Zhong Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China

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Introduction Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland and is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. The annual incidence is 20–50 cases per 100,000 people, with a peak incidence between the ages of 30 and 50. The

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