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Véronique Raverot Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, Lyon, France

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Stéphanie Metrat Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, Lyon, France

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Pauline Perrin Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, LBMMS, Centre de biologie et de pathologie Est, Lyon, France

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Juliette Abeillon Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Lyon, France

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Hélène Lasolle Hospices Civils de Lyon, Groupement Hospitalier Est, Fédération d’Endocrinologie, Lyon, France

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Introduction Diagnosis of thyroid disease is based on thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement. Occasionally, this measurement may be erroneous due to analytical interference. Clinical biochemists and clinicians need to be aware of this

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Eijun Nishihara Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Yoshitaka Hobo ASKA Pharmamedical Co., Ltd. Fujisawa, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Yasuhiro Ito Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Miyoko Higuchi Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuru Ito Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Shuji Fukata Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsushige Nishikawa Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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Takashi Akamizu Kuma Hospital, Center for Excellence in Thyroid Care, Kobe, Japan

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interference with TgAb may lead to Tg values that are lower than expected or even undetectable. This Tg underestimation is considered the most serious clinical problem for the clinical follow-up of postoperative patients with DTCs. Liquid chromatography

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Alice Nervo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alberto Ragni Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Alessandro Piovesan Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Valentina Marica Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Enrica Migliore Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Marco Gallo Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Emanuela Arvat Oncological Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Città della Salute e della Scienza Hospital, Turin, Italy

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interference with daily activities of a symptomatic AE during treatment [ 10 ]. The EQ-5D-3L questionnaire assesses QoL through the EQ-5D descriptive system and the EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS); a score (EQ-5D index) can be calculated combining these data

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Bernadette L Dekker Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Anouk N A van der Horst-Schrivers Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Department of Emergency Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands

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Adrienne H Brouwers Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Christopher M Shuford Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Center for Esoteric Testing, Burlington, North California, USA

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Ido P Kema Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Anneke C Muller Kobold Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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Thera P Links Internal Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands

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suffer from Tg antibody (TgAb) interference, resulting in a false-negative (i.e. undetectable) or a false-positive Tg value, depending on the assay used ( 2 ). These TgAbs are present in approximately 25–30% of the DTC patients, but the definition of TgAb

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Camilla Bøgelund Larsen Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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Eva Rabing Brix Petersen Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark

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Martin Overgaard Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Steen Joop Bonnema Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark

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. Introduction Despite methodological improvements, immunoassays used for evaluation of the thyroid function are still exposed to different types of interferences. Macro-thyrotropin (macro-TSH) is caused by a large amount of monomeric TSH complexed with anti

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Irene Campi Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy

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Marco Dell’Acqua Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Elisa Stellaria Grassi Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Maria Cristina Vigone Department of Paediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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). Assay interferences Analytical interferences in thyroid function tests (TFTs) can result in diagnostic delays, unnecessary testing, and inappropriate treatments. A recent review of 150 patients with interferences in TFTs shows that in more than 50

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Federica D’Aurizio Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Alessia Biasotto Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Claudia Cipri Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Franco Grimaldi Endocrinology, Metabolism and Clinical Nutrition Unit, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Jessica Zucco Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Stefania Marzinotto Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Francesco Curcio Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pathology, University Hospital of Udine, Udine, Italy
Department of Medicine, University of Udine, Udine, Italy

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Salvatore Benvenga Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Endocrinology Section, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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with the others ( 4 ). In such cases, analytical interferences should be investigated in order to avoid unnecessary further diagnostic procedures and/or treatments ( 5 ). In fact, despite numerous advances in immunoassay technology, thyroid hormone

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Irene Campi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Maura Agostini Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Federica Marelli Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Tiziana de Filippis Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Beatriz Romartinez-Alonso Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom

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Odelia Rajanayagam Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Giuditta Rurale Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy

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Ilaria Gentile Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Federica Spagnolo Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy

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Massimiliano Andreasi Laboratorio Analisi Cliniche, Centro di Ricerche e Tecnologie Biomediche, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Cusano Milanino, Italy

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Francesco Ferraù Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Salvatore Cannavò Unit of Endocrinology, University Hospital “G. Martino”, Messina, Italy
Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy

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Laura Fugazzola Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Krishna V. Chatterjee Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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residues 234–264, 316–347, and 426–454 of thyroid hormone receptor beta. Spurious hyperthyroxinemia due to thyroid function assay interferences is a frequent pitfall in the differential diagnosis of central hyperthyroidism. Novel Insights

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Nancy Van Wilder Departments of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Bert Bravenboer Departments of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Sarah Herremans Departments of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Nathalie Vanderbruggen Departments of Psychiatry, Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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Brigitte Velkeniers Departments of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium

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), nephrotic syndrome, liver or pancreatic disease, heart disease, pregnancy and/or interference of absorption by other drugs [ 6 ]. The bioavailability of synthetic levothyroxine is approximately 80% after oral ingestion. Absorption occurs mostly in the

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Barbara A. Demeneix CNRS/UMR7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle/Université Paris-Sorbonne, Paris, France

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availability and, hence, to deregulate transcription and TH-induced epigenetic effects on target genes [ 9 ]. Interference with TH production and availability can occur at multiple levels (Fig.  1 ): blocking iodine uptake; inhibition of TH production

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