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Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-sani Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

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Ameneh Mehri-Ghahfarrokhi Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

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Majid Asadi-Samani Student Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

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Gholam-Reza Mobini Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

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long-term surveillance for 25% of patients due to the presence of thyroglobulin antibody. In FNA-aspirated cells, about 30% of thyroid gland biopsies remain undecided or undiagnosed [ 6 ]. Tumors of molecular markers such as miRNA are generated by

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Joanna Bogusławska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Marlena Godlewska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Ewa Gajda Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Warsaw, Poland

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depending on their length into long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) and short ncRNAs (e.g. miRNA, piRNAs). Based on their function, ncRNAs are classified into infrastructural (e.g. snRNA, snoRNAs, and rRNAs) and regulatory ncRNAs (e.g. miRNA, lncRNAs, piRNAs, and siRNAs

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Vincenza Leone Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Concetta Langella Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Francesco Esposito Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Marco De Martino Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy

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Myriam Decaussin-Petrucci Department of Pathology, Lyon Sud Hospital Center, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Gennaro Chiappetta Istituto Nazionale per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori ‘Fondazione Giovanni Pascale', IRCCS, Naples, Italy

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Antonio Bianco Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy

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Alfredo Fusco Istituto di Endocrinologia ed Oncologia Sperimentale-CNR, Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Scuola di Medicina e Chirurgia di Napoli, Università degli Studi di Napoli ‘Federico II', Naples, Italy
Instituto Nacional de Cancer (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

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Introduction MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules of 19-22 nucleotides in length that are capable of regulating gene expression at a translational level and binding to a complementary sequence found in the 3′-untranslated

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Rob Janssen Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Alice Muller Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Warner S. Simonides Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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physiological and/or pathological cardiac remodeling [ 1 , 3 ]. Stimulation and repression of gene expression are the result of direct transcriptional effects as well as regulation of translation efficiency by microRNAs (miRNAs) [ 4 , 5 ]. In the case of

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Jacopo Manso Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy

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Simona Censi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Cristina Clausi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Ilaria Piva Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Yi Hang Zhu Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alberto Mondin Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Maria Chiara Pedron Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Susi Barollo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Loris Bertazza Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Giulia Midena Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Raffaele Parrozzani Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Caterina Mian Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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immunosuppressive treatment is between 50 and 80% according to published trials ( 7 ). For this reason, where first-line GC therapies fail, other second-line treatments are available, such as rituximab, tocilizumab or teprotumumab (only in the USA). miRNAs are

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Alison-Michelle Naujack A Naujack, Department of Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Christin Krause C Krause, Department of Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Jan H. Britsemmer J Britsemmer, Department of Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Natalie Taege N Taege, Department of Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Jens Mittag J Mittag, Institute for Experimental Endocrinology, Universitzy of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Henriette Kirchner H Kirchner, Department of Epigenetics and Metabolism, University of Lübeck, Lubeck, Germany

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Objective: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and accumulation of fatty acids in the liver. MASH disease progression has been associated with reduced thyroid hormone (TH) signalling in the liver, including reduced expression of deiodinase type I (DIO1) and TH receptor beta (THRB). However, the underlying mechanisms mediating these effects remain elusive. Here, we hypothesized, that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in modulating hepatic TH action.

Methods: Liver samples from patients with and without MASH were analyzed by qRT-PCR and correlated with clinical parameters. Luciferase reporter assays and overexpression of miRNA in HepG2-cells were used to validate functional binding of miRNA to predicted targets. DNA-methylation was analyzed by bisulfite-pyrosequencing.

Results: miR-34a-5p was upregulated in MASH patients and correlated positively with clinical parameters of MASH. Using in silico and in vitro analysis we demonstrate that miR-34a-5p is capable of targeting several modulators of local hepatic TH action, as evidenced by functional binding of miR-34a-5p to the seed sequence in the THRB and DIO1 genes. Consequently, overexpression of miR-34a-5p in HepG2-cells reduced the expression of THRA, THRB, DIO1 and SLC10A1, thus potentially mediating an acquired hepatic resistance to TH in MASH. As additional regulatory mechanism, DNA-methylation of THRB intron 1 was increased in MASH and negatively correlated with THRB expression.

Conclusion: miR-34a-5p constitutes a possible epigenetic master regulator of hepatic TH action, which together with THRB specific DNA-methylation could explain a possible developing TH resistance in the liver during MASH progression on the molecular level.

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Carles Zafon Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Vall d'Hebron, and Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and CIBERDEM (ISCIII), Barcelona

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Juan J. Díez Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Ramón y Cajal
Department of Medicine, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid

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Juan C. Galofré Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
IdiSNA (Instituto de investigación en la salud de Navarra), Pamplona, Spain

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David S. Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA

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-related mutations. The ThyroSeq approach has been proposed as a “rule-in” test [ 16 , 17 , 18 ], that is, a test with a high specificity. - Rossetta genomics is a platform recently developed that analyses the expression of a combination of micro-RNA (miRNA

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Ralf Paschke
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Silvia Cantara
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Anna Crescenzi
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Barbara Jarzab
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Thomas J. Musholt
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Manuel Sobrinho Simoes
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], targeted next-generation sequencing (tNGS) [ 12 ], and the combination of mutation detection and miRNA expression [ 13 ], have been reported as promising in ruling in or out a substantial risk of cancer. Of note, the major limit to the use of molecular

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Giulia Brigante Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy

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Clara Lazzaretti Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Elia Paradiso Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Federico Nuzzo Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Martina Sitti Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Frank Tüttelmann Institute of Reproductive Genetics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany

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Gabriele Moretti Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Roberto Silvestri Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Federica Gemignani Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Asta Försti Hopp Children’s Cancer Center (KiTZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Division of Pediatric Neurooncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany

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Kari Hemminki Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Center in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic
Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany

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Rossella Elisei Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

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Cristina Romei Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

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Eric Adriano Zizzi PolitoBIO Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

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Marco Agostino Deriu PolitoBIO Med Lab, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Italy

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Manuela Simoni Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Modena, Italy
Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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Stefano Landi Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy

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Livio Casarini Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy

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of Let-7 and risk of papillary thyroid carcinoma: a case-control study . Medicine 2015 94 e1879. ( https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000001879 ) 58 Perdas E Stawski R Kaczka K Zubrzycka M . Analysis of Let-7 family miRNA in plasma as

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Dorothée Bouron-Dal Soglio Department of Pathology, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Leanne de Kock The Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Richard Gauci Nuclear Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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Nelly Sabbaghian The Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Elizabeth Thomas Nuclear Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Washington, Australia

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Helen C. Atkinson Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia

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Nicholas Pachter Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia
King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia

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Simon Ryan Department of General Surgery, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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John P. Walsh Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia
Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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M. Priyanthi Kumarasinghe PathWest, QEII Medical Centre, Perth, Washington, Australia

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Karen Carpenter Department of Diagnostic Genomics, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands, Washington, Australia

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Ayça Aydoğan Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey

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Colin J.R. Stewart King Edward Memorial Hospital, Perth, Washington, Australia

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William D. Foulkes The Lady Davis Institute, Segal Cancer Centre, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
Department of Medical Genetics, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada

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Catherine S. Choong Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Subiaco, Washington, Australia
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Washington, Australia

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precursors to generate mature microRNAs (miRNAs), which, in turn, post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. Carriers of DICER1 mutations are predisposed to developing a broad range of tumours of predominantly paediatric or adolescent onset [ 17 ], as

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