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Tommaso Piticchio Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland

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Gilles Russ Department of Thyroid and Endocrine Tumor Diseases, La Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, 83 Bd de l’Hopital, Paris, France

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Maija Radzina Riga Stradins University, Radiology Research Laboratory, Riga, Latvia
University of Latvia, Faculty of Medicine, Riga, Latvia

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Francesco Frasca Endocrinology Section, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Garibaldi Nesima Hospital, University of Catania, Catania, Italy

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Cosimo Durante Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy

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Pierpaolo Trimboli Servizio di Endocrinologia e Diabetologia, Ospedale Regionale di Lugano, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale (EOC), Lugano, Switzerland
Facoltà di Scienze Biomediche, Università della Svizzera Italiana (USI), Lugano, Switzerland

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Introduction Thyroid nodules (TNs) are frequently found in the general population, especially among women and the elderly. Research has observed TNs in up to 70% of screened adults, with around 5% potentially harboring cancer ( 1

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Kaoru Kobayashi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Hisashi Ota Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuyoshi Hirokawa Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Tomonori Yabuta Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Mitsuhiro Fukushima Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Hiroo Masuoka Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Takuya Higashiyama Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Minoru Kihara Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Yasuhiro Ito Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akihiro Miya Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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Akira Miyauchi Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan

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What Is Known about This Topic? • To date, it has been very difficult to differentiate follicular carcinoma from follicular adenoma by ultrasonography. Tumors that show a “nodule in nodule” appearance on ultrasonography are diagnosed as

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Berna Evranos Ogmen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Cevdet Aydin Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Ibrahim Kilinc Department of General Surgery, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey

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Aysegul Aksoy Altinboga Department of Pathology, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Reyhan Ersoy Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Bekir Cakir Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ankara Bilkent City Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem. Epidemiological studies have shown that the prevalence of palpable thyroid nodules is approximately 5% [ 1 , 2 ]; however, the frequency of incidental discovery using ultrasound (US

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Massimiliano Andrioli Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano

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Chiara Carzaniga Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, San Luca Hospital, Istituto Auxologico Italiano
Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

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Introduction Nodular thyroid disease is a common finding, especially in females and in the elderly population. Thyroid nodules are found in 5% of the general population with the use of palpation [ 1 ], but high-resolution ultrasonography (US

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Pi-Ling Chiang Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan

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Sheng-Dean Luo Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Yen-Hsiang Chang Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Chen-Kai Chou Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Shun-Yu Chi Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Departments of Surgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan

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Yi-Fan Chen Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan

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Wei-Che Lin Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Thyroid Head and Neck Ablation Center, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
Department of Radiology, Jen-Ai Hospital, Dali Branch, Taichung, Taiwan
School of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a common and usually benign occurrence. Previous studies have reported prevalence rates of 2–6% with palpation, and 19–35% with ultrasound ( 1 ). With the current widespread use of ultrasound in clinical

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Maria Mavromati Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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Essia Saiji Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Marco Stefano Demarchi Department of Endocrine Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Vincent Lenoir Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Amanda Seipel Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Paulina Kuczma Department of Endocrine Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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François R Jornayvaz Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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Minerva Becker Department of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Eugenio Fernandez Department of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Claudio De Vito Department of Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Frédéric Triponez Department of Endocrine Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva, Switzerland

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Sophie Leboulleux Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Geneva University Hospitals, Rue Gabrielle Perret Gentil, Geneva University, Geneva, Switzerland

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are common, being palpable in 5% of adults and present in more than 60% of adults on high-frequency ultrasound (US) of the neck ( 1 , 2 ). Five to 10% of these nodules are malignant, and patients are then treated

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Aly Bernard Khalil Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Roberto Dina Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Karim Meeran Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom

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Ali M. Bakir Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Saf Naqvi Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Alia Al Tikritti Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Nader Lessan Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Maha T. Barakat Imperial College London Diabetes Center, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

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Introduction The prevalence of thyroid nodules is population dependent and increases with age and with the use of thyroid ultrasonography (US). It is estimated to be 2–6% with palpation, 19–68% with US, and 8–65% in autopsy specimens [ 1

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Rui Guo Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Bowen Zheng Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Tao Wu Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Yufan Lian Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Tinghui Yin Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Yuting He Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Jingya Qin Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Zhicheng Yao Department of General Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Wen Xu Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Jie Ren Department of Medical Ultrasonics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Hepatology Research, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China

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Introduction Thyroid nodules (TNs) are commonly detected via high-resolution ultrasonography (US) and affect approximately 70% of the general population ( 1 , 2 ). Although most are benign TNs (BTNs) and asymptomatic, a noticeable but small

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Sravanthi Nagavalli Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Torrance, CA, USA

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Marelle Yehuda Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Torrance, CA, USA

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Laron W. McPhaul Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA

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Andrew G. Gianoukakis Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Torrance, CA, USA

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What Is Known about This Topic? • Cervical schwannomas can mimic thyroid nodules and are historically difficult to diagnosis preoperatively due to the low diagnostic yield of fine needle aspiration and their appearance as hypoechoic lesions on

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Roberto Negro Division of Endocrinology, V. Fazzi Hospital, Lecce, Italy

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Matteo Rucco United Technology Research Center, Trento, Italy

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Annalisa Creanza Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mauriziano Hospital Umberto I, Turin, Italy

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Alberto Mormile Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mauriziano Hospital Umberto I, Turin, Italy

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Paolo Piero Limone Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mauriziano Hospital Umberto I, Turin, Italy

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Roberto Garberoglio Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Molinette Hospital, Turin, Italy

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Stefano Spiezia Endocrine Surgery, Ospedale del Mare, ASL NA1 Centro, Naples, Italy

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Salvatore Monti Endocrinology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Sant’Andrea, Rome, Italy

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Christian Cugini Radiology Department, Villa Salus Hospital, Venice, Italy

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Ghassan El Dalati Radiology Department, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy

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Maurilio Deandrea Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Mauriziano Hospital Umberto I, Turin, Italy

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Introduction Thyroid nodules are a common finding in endocrine clinical practice. Their prevalence is approximately 5% when detected by palpation but may occur at 70% frequency when the thyroid is examined by ultrasound [ 1 - 3 ]. Most nodules

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