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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

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Laszlo Hegedüs Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition associated with Graves’ disease affecting approximately 0.1% of the population ( 1 , 2 ). TED can result in altered appearance and other significant symptoms, impacts

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Henry B Burch National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Petros Perros Department of Endocrinology, Leazes Wing, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom

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Tomasz Bednarczuk Department of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland

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David S Cooper Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA

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Peter J Dolman Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada

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Angela M Leung Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA

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Ilse Mombaerts Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

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Mario Salvi Department of Clinical and Community Services, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Endocrinology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda, Milan, Italy

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Marius N Stan Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA

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restore vision by reducing apical compression on the optic nerve. 2. Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an autoimmune condition closely related to Graves’ disease. It is characterized by endomysial interstitial edema, expansion, and

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Kenneth Ka Hei Lai Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Fatema Mohamed Ali Abdulla Aljufairi Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Department of Ophthalmology, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Government Hospitals, Bahrain

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Jake Uy Sebastian Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Department of Ophthalmology, Vicente Sotto Memorial Medical Center, Cebu City, Philippines

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Yingying Wei Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Ruofan Jia Department of Statistics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Karen Kar Wun Chan Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Elaine Yuen Ling Au Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Pathology, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Alan Chun Hong Lee Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Chiu Ming Ng Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Hunter Kwok Lai Yuen Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Wilson Wai Kuen Yip Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Alvin Lerrmann Young Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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George Pak Man Cheng Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Clement Chee Yung Tham Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Chi Pui Pang Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Kelvin Kam Lung Chong Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
Hong Kong Eye Hospital, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated orbitopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is the most common extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease. It can also occur in euthyroid patients, known as euthyroid

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Susanne Neumann Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Christine C. Krieger Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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Marvin C. Gershengorn Laboratory of Endocrinology and Receptor Biology, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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primary autoantigens in orbital tissue in patients with thyroid eye disease (TED)/Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) receptor (IGF-1R) has been identified as another important player in the pathogenesis of TED. Functional

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Ilaria Muller Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Sara Maioli Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Mirco Armenti Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Laura Porcaro Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy

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Nicola Currò Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
Ophthalmology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Elisabetta Iofrida Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Lorenzo Pignataro Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
Department of Specialistic Surgical Sciences, Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Jacopo Manso Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Caterina Mian Endocrinology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padova, Padova, Italy

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Jens Geginat Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, Italy
National Institute of Molecular Genetics (INGM) “Romeo and Enrica Invernizzi”, Milan, Italy

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Mario Salvi Endocrinology Unit, Graves’ Orbitopathy Center, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy

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Ours is the first description of the immune cell profiling derived from the consecutive administration of alemtuzumab for multiple sclerosis and rituximab for thyroid eye disease. B-cell depletion induced by rituximab is an effective treatment for

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Jacopo Manso Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padua, Italy

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Simona Censi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Cristina Clausi Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Ilaria Piva Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Yi Hang Zhu Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alberto Mondin Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Maria Chiara Pedron Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Susi Barollo Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Loris Bertazza Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Giulia Midena Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Raffaele Parrozzani Department of Ophthalmology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Caterina Mian Department of Medicine (DIMED), Endocrinology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) or Graves’ orbitopathy (GO) is an immune-mediated disorder of the eye in which cell-mediated response plays a crucial role and leads to oedema and deposition of glycosaminoglycans and collagens in the

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Haiyang Zhang Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China

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Shuo Wu Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China

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Shuyu Hu Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China

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Xianqun Fan Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China

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Xuefei Song Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China

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Tienan Feng Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Huifang Zhou Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is the most common autoimmune orbital disease characterized by clinical presentations such as eyelid retraction, exophthalmos, periorbital edema, diplopia, and eye

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Jingyue Chen Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Chenyan Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Jun Jin Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yining Wei Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Jing Sun Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Yushu Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China

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Huifang Zhou Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED), also known as thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy or Graves’ ophthalmopathy, is an infiltrative disorder affecting the retro-orbital and peri-orbital tissues caused by autoimmune system dysfunction. It

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Haitao Zhang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Hao Hu Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Yueyue Wang Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xinjie Duan Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Lu Chen Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Jiang Zhou Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Wen Chen Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Weizhong Zhang Department of Ophthalmology, The Friendship Hospital of Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture Ili & Jiangsu Joint Institute of Health, Ili, China
Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Xiaoquan Xu Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Huanhuan Chen Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China

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Introduction Thyroid eye disease (TED) is a specific autoimmune condition associated with inflammation of the thyroid, orbit, and periorbital tissues ( 1 , 2 ) that often endangers the patient’s vision and appearance ( 3 ). TED patients

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Pauline Campredon Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France

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Philippe Imbert Ophthalmologist, Clinique du Parc, Toulouse, France
Multidisciplinary Thyroid Eye Consultation, Department of Endocrinology, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France

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Céline Mouly Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France

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Solange Grunenwald Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France

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Julien Mazières Department of Pneumology, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France

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Philippe Caron Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Larrey University Hospital, Toulouse, France

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]. Rare cases of orbital myositis [ 4 ] and orbital inflammation resembling thyroid eye disease [ 5 - 8 ] have been associated with ipilimumab. During such treatment, thyroid-like orbitopathy was reported in euthyroid patients with absent [ 7 ], slightly

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