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Emilie Brûlé Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Xiang Zhou Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Ying Wang Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Evan R S Buddle Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Luisina Ongaro Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Mary Loka Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Anita Boelen Endocrine Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Daniel J Bernard Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada

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Introduction Congenital central hypothyroidism (CCH) may affect as many as one in 13,000 people ( 1 ). In CCH, thyroid hormone levels are low to low-normal without the expected increases in thyrotropin (TSH), implicating defects in the brain

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-23-0054
Volume/Issue:
Volume 13: Issue 1
Open access
Rob Janssen Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Alice Muller Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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Warner S. Simonides Laboratory for Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

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, and increased levels of circulating thyroid hormones all result in a higher hemodynamic load to which the heart responds with cardiomyocyte hypertrophy [ 1 ]. The resulting increase in ventricular mass normalizes wall stress, maintaining adequate

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000469708
Volume/Issue:
Volume 6: Issue 3
Open access
Josef Köhrle Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK), Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany

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avoid thyroid hormone (TH) intoxication, tachycardia, and excessive body temperature [2]. 1 L-thyroxine (L-T4) is among the top 10 medically prescribed drugs worldwide, or ranking top in wealthy societies with affordable health systems. L-T4 is one of

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000497141
Volume/Issue:
Volume 8: Issue 3
Free access
Graham R. Williams Molecular Endocrinology Group, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK

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Regulation of Thyroid Hormone Action Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis The thyroid gland produces mainly the pro-hormone T4 (3,5,3′,5′- L -tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine) but also secretes smaller amounts of the active hormone T3 (3

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000345548
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2: Issue 1
Free access
K. Alexander Iwen Medizinische Klinik I, Experimentelle und Klinische Endokrinologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Erich Schröder Medizinische Klinik I, Experimentelle und Klinische Endokrinologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany

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Georg Brabant Medizinische Klinik I, Experimentelle und Klinische Endokrinologie, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Department of Endocrinology, The Christie Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK

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Animal Models Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for cellular energy homeostasis and regulation. These actions are mediated both through the central nervous system and through the direct interaction of TH with peripheral target organs. Most informative

Article Type:
Review Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000351249
Volume/Issue:
Volume 2: Issue 2
Free access
Eveline Bruinstroop Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Anne H van der Spek Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Anita Boelen Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Endocrine Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Amsterdam Reproduction & Development Research Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands

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Introduction Deiodinases The thyroid produces the thyroid hormone, mainly thyroxine (T4) and to a lesser extent tri-iodothyronine (T3). Within the liver, thyroid hormones are transported across the cell membrane by thyroid hormone

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Thyroid hormone action
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0211
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 3
Open access
Rudolf Hoermann Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Luedenscheid, Luedenscheid, Germany

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John E.M. Midgley North Lakes Clinical, Ilkley, UK

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Rolf Larisch Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum Luedenscheid, Luedenscheid, Germany

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Johannes W. Dietrich Medical Department I, Endocrinology and Diabetology, Bergmannsheil University Hospitals, Ruhr University of Bochum
Ruhr Center for Rare Diseases (CeSER), Ruhr University of Bochum and Witten/Herdecke University, Bochum, Germany

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Introduction Attainment of a physiologically adequate thyroidal state relies on the ability of the organism to (1) sufficiently raise the hormone output of the thyroid gland to a level appropriate for health and (2) supply the various tissues

Article Type:
Research Article
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1159/000447967
Volume/Issue:
Volume 5: Issue 3
Free access
Juan Ren ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Frédéric Flamant ENS de Lyon, INRAE, CNRS, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Lyon, France

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Thyroid hormones (THs; including T3, 3, 3′, 5-triiodo- l -thyronine and its less active precursor T4 or thyroxine) exert a broad influence on the development of vertebrate species. The possibility that the developmental function of TH in mammals

Article Type:
Review Article
Collections:
Thyroid hormone action
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-22-0225
Volume/Issue:
Volume 12: Issue 2
Open access
Ying Sun Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Di Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Lei Zhao Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Xiaoguang Shi Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
Department of Endocrinology, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Yongze Li Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Zhongyan Shan Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Weiping Teng Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Thyroid Diseases, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China

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Introduction Recent evidence has suggested that impaired thyroid hormone (TH) sensitivity is associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes, and diabetes-related mortality even in those with a normothyroid range ( 1 ). Aging modulates

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Environment and thyroid function
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-21-0084
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 3
Open access
Giorgio Radetti Marienklinik, Bolzano, Italy

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Franco Rigon Department of Paediatrics, University of Padua, Padua, Italy

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Alessandro Salvatoni Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy

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Irene Campi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Tiziana De Filippis Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Valentina Cirello Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Silvia Longhi Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, Bolzano, Italy

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Fabiana Guizzardi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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Marco Bonomi Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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Luca Persani Division of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

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eutopic thyroid gland ( 1 ). The concomitant occurrence of CH and resistance to thyroid hormone syndrome type β (RTHβ) are exceptional, since only five patients have been described so far, and only in four patients, a mutation in the THRB gene has been

Article Type:
Research Article
Collections:
Thyroid hormone action
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1530/ETJ-21-0054
Volume/Issue:
Volume 11: Issue 2
Open access